Fig. 12.
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Stream and non-stream statistics. The top, middle, and bottom rows display, respectively, the radial mass flux (Fr, in units of ℳ/tdyn), average radial velocity (Vr, in units of Vrot), and mass (M, in units of ℳ) as functions of radius, r, normalized by Rd, for streams (left panels), non-streams (middle panels), and all cold gas (right panels). Solid lines represent the median values across the disk galaxy sample, while shaded regions indicate the 16th–84th percentile ranges. The results from the metallicity-based selection are shown in blue, and those from the streamline-based selection are shown in green. In both classifications, the median cold gas mass flux at large radii is dominated by streams – beyond r ≳ 0.5Rd in the metallicity-based selection and beyond r ≳ 0.3Rd in the streamline-based selection. At smaller radii, the median stream flux approaches zero and falls below that of the non-stream component, resulting in a total cold gas flux that, while small, is primarily contributed by non-streams. The median radial velocity of streams remains predominantly negative across all radii, and its magnitude tends to exceed that of the non-streams, particularly at large r. Thus, on average, the radial transport of cold gas in the outer regions of the VELA disk galaxy sample is driven primarily by the infall of recently accreted streams.
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