Toy model illustrating the over- and under-dense regions in the IoM of an artificial halo (right panel) created by reshuffling the velocities of the original particles (left panel). In the original distribution, 1000 particles are on perfectly circular orbits and 100 particles on perfectly vertical orbits. In both panels, black lines delineate the possible distribution limits in energy-angular momentum, and the dashed line indicates the energy limit for a particle to be considered bound.