The role of triple evolution in the formation of LISA double white dwarfs

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Volume 704 (December 2025)

A&A, 704 (2025) A156

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Table 1.

Estimated counts.

Category	N(f < 10⁻⁴ Hz)×10⁶	N(ρ > 7)×10³
Triple	$7 . 20_{- 0.50}^{+ 0.52}$ $7.20^{+0.52}_{-0.50}$	$10 . 9_{- 0.50}^{+ 0.67}$ $10.9^{+0.67}_{-0.50}$
Binary	$3 . 80_{- 0.59}^{+ 0.17}$ $3.80^{+0.17}_{-0.59}$	$6 . 5_{- 1.19}^{+ 0.22}$ $6.5^{+0.22}_{-1.19}$
Triple + Binary	$11 . 00_{- 1.09}^{+ 0.69}$ $11.00^{+0.69}_{-1.09}$	$17 . 4_{- 1.69}^{+ 0.89}$ $17.4^{+0.89}_{-1.69}$
Only binaries (f_t = 0)	$9 . 40_{- 0.67}^{+ 0.90}$ $9.40^{+0.90}_{-0.67}$	$14 . 4_{- 0.45}^{+ 0.76}$ $14.4^{+0.76}_{-0.45}$

Notes. Table presents the estimated counts of total and individually resolvable (signal-to-noise ratio ρ > 7) Galactic LISA double white dwarfs from different formation channels: Triple (originating from triple systems), Binary (originating from isolated binaries), Triple + Binary (the combined population from both channels), and Only binaries (isolated binaries assuming no contribution from triples, i.e., a triple fraction f_t = 0). The quoted uncertainty estimates correspond to a 68.3% confidence interval and are estimated from bootstrap resampling and capture the statistical uncertainty introduced by the stochastic seeding of the Galaxy (see Appendix B for details).

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