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Fig. 11.

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Area at which at least one object brighter than MUV at 15 ≤ z ≤ 20 is expected according to the following theoretical predictions (see label for details): Attenuation-free model (Ferrara et al. 2023, 2025b; Ziparo et al. 2023); feedback-free model with ϵ = 0.3 and with ϵ = 0.5 (Dekel et al. 2023; Li et al. 2024); DELPHI fiducial, eSFE and eIMF models by Mauerhofer et al. (2025); CAT models (Trinca et al. 2024) with standard and evolving IMF; Santa Cruz SAM (Somerville et al. 2025), with dense gas fraction fdense = 0.1, 0.5, 1; empirical fine-tuned M/L model (see Sect. 5.2). The top axis shows the corresponding observed continuum magnitude (at rest-frame wavelength λrf = 1500 Å) assuming z = 17. The dash-dotted cyan line shows the Nobj = 1 area versus MUV for the empirical fine-tuned M/L model at 20 ≤ z ≤ 30: the relevant observed magnitude at z = 25 is fainter by 0.52 mag than the scale shown on top.

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