Amaryllis: A digital twin of the earliest galaxies in the Universe

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Table 1.

Properties of Amaryllis compared with those of GS-z14-0 and GHZ2.

Property	Amaryllis	GS-z14-0	GHZ2	Units
General
Stellar mass (M_★)	8.8 × 10⁸	$4 . 0_{- 1.5}^{+ 15} \times 10^{8}^{a}$ $4.0^{+15}_{-1.5}\times 10^{8}\,^a$	$8 . 1_{- 3.9}^{+ 1.9} \times 10^{8}^{d}$ $8.1^{+1.9}_{-3.9} \times 10^{8}\,^d$	M_⊙
Gas mass (M_g)	4.5 × 10⁸	4.0 ^a − 63 ^k × 10⁸	–	M_⊙
Dust mass (M_d)	1.2 × 10⁵	$1 . 2_{- 0.3}^{+ 0.3} \times 10^{4}^{i}$ $1.2^{+0.3}_{-0.3}\times 10^{4}\,^i$	$6 . 1_{- 6.1}^{+ 10.6} \times 10^{4}^{i}$ $6.1^{+10.6}_{-6.1}\times 10^{4}\,^i$	M_⊙
Halo virial mass (M_h)	5.1 × 10¹⁰	–	–	M_⊙
Gas fraction (f_g)	32%	∼30 ^a − 90 ^k%	–	–
Gas phase metallicity (Z)	0.2^*	0.05 − 0.2 ^b	0.05 − 0.1 ^f	Z_⊙
SFR_10 Myr	18	19 ± 6 ^a	$5 . 2_{- 0.6}^{+ 1.1}^{d}$ $5.2^{+1.1}_{-0.6}\,^d$	M_⊙ yr⁻¹
Stellar Age	42.9	40 ± 5 ^b	26 ± 55 ^h	Myr
Gas number density (n)	810^*	$51_{- 32}^{+ 116}^{j}$ $51^{+116}_{-32}\,^j$	–	cm⁻³
Ionization parameter (U_ion)	0.01^*	$0 . 004_{- 0.001}^{+ 0.003}^{b}$ $0.004^{+0.003}_{-0.001}\,^b$	$0 . 02_{- 0.01}^{+ 0.01}^{d}$ $0.02^{+0.01}_{-0.01}\,^d$

UV and Optical Emission Lines
C III] λ1908	3.0 × 10⁸	$1 . 1_{- 0.3}^{+ 0.3} \times 10^{8}^{a}$ $1.1^{+0.3}_{-0.3}\times10^{8}\,^a$	$5 . 14_{- 0.11}^{+ 0.11} \times 10^{8}^{f}$ $5.14^{+0.11}_{-0.11}\times10^{8}\,^f$	L_⊙
[O III] λ5007	2.1 × 10⁹	–	–	L_⊙
[O II] λ3727	4.3 × 10⁸	–	$1 . 52_{- 0.63}^{+ 0.63} \times 10^{8}^{f}$ $1.52^{+0.63}_{-0.63}\times10^{8}\,^f$	L_⊙
Hαλ6563	3.4 × 10⁹	–	–	L_⊙
Hβλ4861	1.1 × 10⁹	–	–	L_⊙
Hα half light radius	230	–	–	pc
Hβ half light radius	227	–	–	pc

FIR Emission Lines
[C II] 158 μm	5.4 × 10⁷	< 6 × 10⁷ ^j	–	L_⊙
[O III] 88 μm	1.2 × 10⁸	$2 . 0_{0.4}^{+ 0.5} \times 10^{8}^{b, c}$ $2.0^{+0.5}_{0.4}\times 10^{8}\,^{b,c}$	$1 . 7_{0.4}^{+ 0.4} \times 10^{8}^{e}$ $1.7^{+0.4}_{0.4}\times10^{8}\,^e$	L_⊙
[O I] 63 μm	4.9 × 10⁷	–	–	L_⊙
[O III] 52 μm	2.1 × 10⁸	–	< 9.6 × 10⁸ ^e	L_⊙
[C II] half light radius	209	–	–	pc
[O III] half light radius	170	–	–	pc
[O I] half light radius	169	–	–	pc

Continuum UV and FIR
M_UV	−18.98	−20.81 ± 0.16 ^a	−20.53±0.01 ^d	–
UV half light radius	63	$260_{- 2}^{+ 2}^{a}$ $260^{+2}_{-2}\,^a$	50 ^h	pc
A_V	3.3	$0 . 3_{0.07}^{0.14}^{a}$ $0.3^{0.14}_{0.07}\,^a$	$0 . 04_{0.03}^{0.07}^{d}$ $0.04^{0.07}_{0.03}\,^d$	–
L_IR	9.1 × 10¹⁰	< 1.3 × 10¹¹ ^a	–	L_⊙
IR half light radius	34	–	–	pc

Notes. Values for GS-z14-0 and GHZ2 compiled from the literature: ^aCarniani et al. (2024a), ^bCarniani et al. (2025), ^cSchouws et al. (2025b), ^dCastellano et al. (2024), ^eZavala et al. (2024), ^f Calabrò et al. (2024), ^hZavala et al. (2025), ⁱFerrara et al. (2025), ^jSchouws et al. (2025a), ^k Heintz et al. (2025), ^*These properties are averaged within the galaxy’s half-gas-mass radius (∼ 169pc).

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