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Fig. B.1.

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Composite near-infrared view of the NGC 3324 region as observed by the VVVX survey. The field corresponds to tile e1084, observed on March 19, 2018, and fully covered in the J, H, and Ks bands. Despite being located within the nominal depth of the survey, no galaxies were included in the VVV–NIRGC catalogs. The central panel displays the same field shown in Fig. 8, preserving its orientation to enable a direct comparison with the JWST/NIRCam image. The top and bottom rows show the eight brightest galaxies (1–8) identified in the JWST image, placed at their corresponding sky positions within the VVVX frame. Each stamp contains a white 5″ × 5″ box for spatial reference. North is rotated 102° counterclockwise from vertical, matching the orientation adopted in Fig. 8. This comparison highlights the observational limitations of ground-based near-infrared imaging in regions of high extinction and stellar crowding, and the substantial gain in sensitivity and resolution achieved with JWST.

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