Fig. 2.
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Comparison of dynamic spectra (DS) from the Sun (a) and the calibrator Cassiopeia A (b), observed simultaneously with two separate LOFAR station beams. These DS were generated by averaging visibilities in the 150−500 λ range in the uv-plane to preferentially capture transient, compact structures while suppressing contributions from large-scale quiet Sun emission. Although Cassiopeia A was located 11.4° from the Sun during the observation, its DS shows features that strongly resemble those seen in the solar spectrum, indicating substantial solar contamination in the calibrator field. This highlights the difficulty of obtaining clean calibrator data during solar observing sessions, particularly with wide field of view (FoV) instruments such as LOFAR.
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