The 2024 July 16 solar event: a challenge to the coronal mass ejection origin of long-duration gamma-ray flares

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Table 1.

Timeline of the 2024 July 16 eruption.

Time (UT)	Event	Mission/instrument
13:10	Onset hard X-ray emission	SolO/STIX
13:11	Onset of the soft X-ray flare	GOES/XRS
13:20	Onset of the type-III burst at 145–180 MHz	RSTN/SVTO
13:21	End of the metric type-III burst	RSTN/SVTO
13:21	Onset of the type-II burst at 25–180 MHz	RSTN/SVTO
13:22^a	Peak of the hard X-ray emission	SolO/STIX
13:26	Peak of the soft X-ray flare	GOES/XRS
13:29^b	End of the hard X-ray flare	SolO/STIX
13:30^c	Appearance of giant coronal loops	SDO/AIA, GOES/SUVI
13:35	Onset of the SEP proton event	SOHO/COSTEP
13:36^b	End of the soft X-ray flare	GOES/XRS
13:36	First appearance of the CME in the C2 FoV	SOHO/LASCO
13:36	Onset of the DH type-III burst	Wind/WAVES
13:43	Moderate type-IV burst at 25–83 MHz	RSTN/SVTO
13:44	Onset of the DH type-II burst	STEREO/WAVES
13:55	End of the metric type-II burst	RSTN/SVTO
14:00	Start of the first interval with LDGRF detection	Fermi/LAT
14:23	Highest-energy (1.68 GeV) photon detection	Fermi/LAT
14:51	End of the metric type-IV burst	RSTN/SVTO
15:00	End of the DH type-III burst	Wind/WAVES
15:00^d	Onset of the SEP proton event	PSP/EPI
15:47	End of the DH type-II burst	STEREO/WAVES
19:18	Last measurement of the CME in the C3 FoV	SOHO/LASCO
20:38	End of the last interval with LDGRF detection	Fermi/LAT
21:15	Estimated end time of LDGRF	Fermi/LAT
⁺¹02:00^c	Disappearance of giant coronal loops	SDO/AIA, GOES/SUVI

Notes.

^(a)

Based on a visual inspection of interpolated intensities (see the text for details).

^(b)

Estimated as the time when the X-ray intensity decays to a level halfway between the peak value and the pre-flare background level.

^(c)

Rough estimate.

^(d)

Based on a visual inspection of the 30 MeV proton-intensity profile, and accounting for the ∼24-min travel delay between the PSP location (0.52 AU) and 1 AU.

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