Two-dimensional schematic of how ConKer algorithm evaluates density field with W₀ and W₁. This shows the convolution of the matter-density variation field, W₀ = D − R (left), with a spherical shell kernel, K, with a radius of s and width of Δs. The resulting product is the density histogram, W₁ (right). In this example, the inner product is eight, which is placed in the center cell of the W₁ grid. The kernel center iterates over each cell, performing this convolution at each scale s.