Dynamically new comet C/2025 D1 (Groeller) with record perihelion distance

Open Access

Table A.1

Archival observations and viewing geometry of comet C/2025 D1 (Groeller)

Date	Archival Observations				Viewing Geometry

(UTC)	Facility	Filter	# images	Exposure (s)	r_H (au)^a	∆ (au)^b	α (°)^c	ε (°)^d	Θ_–⊙ (°)^e	Θ_–v (°)^f	ψ (°)^g
2018-06-06	Bok	g	1	250	21.313	21.637	2.6	70.1	105.1	44.8	+2.3
2018-06-07	Bok	g	1^†	197	21.309	21.639	2.6	69.8	104.1	44.7	+2.2
2018-06-09	Bok	g	1	250	21.303	21.643	2.6	69.2	102.1	44.6	+2.2
2018-06-18	Bok	r	1	210	21.276	21.658	2.5	66.7	93.0	44.0	+1.9
2019-01-28	Bok	r	1	152	20.594	20.148	2.5	115.6	239.0	53.3	−0.2
2019-02-09	Bok	r	1	156	20.557	20.129	2.5	114.5	223.3	51.7	+0.4
2019-02-12	Bok	r	1	181	20.549	20.128	2.5	114.0	219.7	51.3	+0.5
2020-12-06	PS1	i	4	45	18.623	18.269	2.9	109.6	281.8	33.9	−2.6
2021-01-02	PS1	i	4	45	18.548	18.014	2.6	121.5	252.1	33.2	−1.6
2021-01-04	PS1	i	4	45	18.542	18.000	2.6	122.2	249.6	33.0	−1.5
2021-01-06	PS1	i	4	45	18.537	17.987	2.6	122.7	247.1	32.9	−1.4
2021-01-07	PS1	i	4	45	18.534	17.980	2.6	123.0	245.7	32.9	−1.3
2021-02-23	PS1	i	6	45	18.405	17.883	2.7	120.5	181.2	28.1	+1.2
2021-02-24	PS1	i	4	45	18.402	17.886	2.7	120.1	179.9	28.0	+1.2
2021-03-21	PS1	i	3	45	18.334	17.995	3.0	108.4	151.3	24.9	+2.3
2021-03-23	PS1	i	4	45	18.329	18.007	3.0	107.4	149.4	24.7	+2.4
2021-03-24	PS1	i	2	45	18.326	18.013	3.0	106.8	148.3	24.6	+2.4
2021-03-25	PS1	i	4	45	18.323	18.020	3.0	106.3	147.3	24.5	+2.5
2021-03-26	PS1	i	4	45	18.320	18.026	3.0	105.6	146.3	24.4	+2.5
2021-04-02	PS1	i	4	45	18.301	18.076	3.1	101.4	139.4	23.7	+2.7
2021-04-20	PS1	i	2	45	18.253	18.213	3.2	90.7	123.9	22.2	+3.1
2021-11-21	PS1	i	4	45	17.680	17.452	3.1	101.8	290.4	27.4	−3.1
2021-11-24	PS2	i	4	45	17.672	17.411	3.1	103.8	288.0	27.4	−3.1
2021-11-26	PS1	w	2	45	17.667	17.384	3.1	105.1	286.4	27.4	−3.0
2022-02-02	CFHT	r	1	100	17.492	16.825	2.4	131.4	203.7	24.2	+0.0
2022-05-30	HSC	g	1^‡	120	17.197	17.598	3.1	65.2	90.9	17.2	+3.0
			1	90	17.197	17.598	3.1	65.1	90.8	17.2	+3.0
2022-10-30	PS2	g	1	27	16.824	16.869	3.4	85.7	302.0	22.4	−3.3
2022-10-30	PS2	r	1	27	16.824	16.869	3.4	85.7	302.0	22.4	−3.3
2022-11-02	PS2	g	1	27	16.817	16.823	3.4	87.9	300.1	22.5	−3.4
2022-11-02	PS2	i	1	27	16.817	16.823	3.4	87.9	300.1	22.5	−3.4
2022-11-06	PS2	i	1	27	16.807	16.761	3.4	91.0	297.5	22.5	−3.4
2022-11-06	PS2	r	1	27	16.807	16.761	3.4	91.0	297.5	22.5	−3.4
2022-11-10	PS2	i	4	45	16.798	16.700	3.4	94.0	294.9	22.6	−3.4
2022-11-12	PS1	i	4	45	16.793	16.669	3.4	95.5	293.6	22.6	−3.4
2022-11-12	PS2	i	4	45	16.793	16.669	3.4	95.5	293.6	22.6	−3.4
2022-11-12	PS2	r	1	27	16.793	16.669	3.4	95.5	293.6	22.6	−3.4
2022-11-12	PS2	y	1	27	16.793	16.669	3.4	95.5	293.6	22.6	−3.4
2022-11-14	PS2	i	4	45	16.788	16.639	3.4	97.0	292.3	22.6	−3.4
2022-11-19	PS2	g	1	27	16.776	16.563	3.3	100.8	288.8	22.6	−3.3
2022-11-19	PS2	i	1	27	16.776	16.563	3.3	100.8	288.8	22.6	−3.3
2022-12-02	PS2	g	1	27	16.746	16.375	3.2	110.5	279.1	22.6	−3.1
2022-12-02	PS2	y	1	27	16.746	16.375	3.2	110.5	279.1	22.6	−3.1
2022-12-14	PS1	i	4	45	16.717	16.217	2.9	119.1	268.7	22.3	−2.7
2022-12-14	PS2	i	4	45	16.717	16.217	2.9	119.1	268.7	22.3	−2.7
2023-01-09	PS1	i	4	45	16.657	15.960	2.4	133.9	238.2	21.3	−1.4
2023-03-30	PS1	i	4	45	16.474	16.114	3.3	109.5	131.0	15.9	+2.9
2023-05-02	PS1	i	4	45	16.399	16.467	3.5	84.4	108.6	14.7	+3.5
2023-05-02	PS2	i	4	45	16.399	16.468	3.5	84.3	108.6	14.7	+3.5
2023-11-11	PS2	w	4	45	15.981	15.877	3.5	94.3	291.7	19.0	−3.5
2024-01-01	PS1	i	4	45	15.877	15.168	2.5	134.8	251.1	18.1	−2.0
2024-01-03	PS2	w	4	45	15.873	15.150	2.5	136.1	248.6	18.0	−1.9
2024-01-22	PS1	i	4	45	15.834	15.020	2.1	144.8	218.3	17.1	−0.7
2024-01-23	PS2	i	4	45	15.832	15.016	2.0	145.0	216.4	17.1	−0.7
2024-01-24	PS2	i	4	45	15.830	15.012	2.0	145.2	214.4	17.0	−0.6
2024-03-24	PS1	i	1	45	15.712	15.237	3.2	116.8	129.6	13.8	+2.9
2024-03-24	PS2	i	1	45	15.712	15.237	3.2	116.8	129.6	13.8	+2.9
2024-03-27	PS2	i	4	45	15.706	15.269	3.3	114.3	127.4	13.7	+3.0
2024-04-19	PS2	i	8	45	15.661	15.539	3.7	95.2	113.4	13.0	+3.6
2024-04-24	PS1	i	4	45	15.651	15.603	3.7	90.9	110.7	12.9	+3.6
2024-04-25	PS2	i	4	45	15.649	15.616	3.7	90.1	110.2	12.9	+3.6
2024-04-26	PS2	i	4	45	15.648	15.628	3.7	89.3	109.7	12.8	+3.7
2024-05-21	PS2	i	4	45	15.600	15.939	3.5	68.7	97.3	12.7	+3.5
2024-11-19	PS2	i	4	45	15.271	15.038	3.6	101.8	285.8	16.3	−3.6
2024-11-27	PS2	z	1	120	15.257	14.904	3.5	109.2	281.8	16.2	−3.5
2024-12-02	PS1	w	4	45	15.248	14.825	3.4	113.7	279.1	16.2	−3.4
2024-12-05	PS1	z	1	120	15.243	14.778	3.3	116.5	277.3	16.1	−3.3
2024-12-05	PS2	z	1	120	15.243	14.778	3.3	116.5	277.3	16.1	−3.3
2024-12-09	PS1	y	1	120	15.237	14.718	3.2	120.2	274.9	16.1	−3.1
2024-12-09	PS1	z	1	120	15.237	14.718	3.2	120.2	274.9	16.1	−3.1
2024-12-14	PS1	i	4	45	15.228	14.648	3.1	124.6	271.5	16.0	−2.9
2024-12-15	PS1	i	4	45	15.226	14.634	3.0	125.5	270.8	15.9	−2.9
2024-12-15	PS2	i	4	45	15.227	14.635	3.0	125.5	270.8	15.9	−2.9
2024-12-17	PS2	i	4	45	15.223	14.608	3.0	127.2	269.4	15.9	−2.8
2024-12-22	PS1	w	8	45	15.215	14.544	2.8	131.6	265.3	15.8	−2.6
2024-12-31	PS2	w	4	45	15.200	14.443	2.4	139.1	256.4	15.5	−2.1
2025-01-07	PS1	w	4	45	15.188	14.378	2.2	144.4	247.5	15.2	−1.7
2025-01-09	PS2	i	4	45	15.185	14.362	2.1	145.8	244.6	15.2	−1.6
2025-01-20	PS1	w	4	45	15.167	14.291	1.7	152.0	224.0	14.7	−0.8
2025-01-29	PS2	w	4	45	15.152	14.260	1.6	154.1	202.6	14.3	−0.2
2025-02-08	PS1	i	4	45	15.136	14.253	1.7	152.7	178.3	13.9	+0.5
2025-02-14	PS1	i	4	45	15.126	14.262	1.9	150.1	165.5	13.6	+0.9
2025-02-14	PS2	i	4	45	15.126	14.262	1.9	150.1	165.5	13.6	+0.9
2025-02-15	PS1	i	4	45	15.125	14.265	1.9	149.5	163.6	13.6	+0.9
2025-02-17	PS2	i	4	45	15.121	14.271	2.0	148.4	160.0	13.5	+1.1
2025-02-22	PS1	w	4	45	15.113	14.291	2.1	145.1	152.0	13.3	+1.4
2025-03-06	PS1	g	1	27	15.094	14.365	2.6	135.9	137.6	12.8	+2.1
2025-03-06	PS1	z	1	27	15.094	14.365	2.6	135.9	137.6	12.8	+2.1
2025-03-16	PS1	r	1	27	15.079	14.452	3.0	127.5	129.1	12.4	+2.7
2025-03-16	PS1	z	1	27	15.078	14.452	3.0	127.5	129.1	12.4	+2.7
2025-03-18	PS1	i	1	27	15.075	14.474	3.1	125.6	127.6	12.3	+2.8
2025-03-18	PS1	r	1	27	15.075	14.474	3.1	125.6	127.6	12.3	+2.8
2025-03-18	PS2	i	4	45	15.075	14.474	3.1	125.6	127.6	12.3	+2.8

^aHeliocentric distance.

^bObserver-centric distance.

^cPhase angle.

^dSolar elongation.

^ePosition angle of antisolar direction projected in the sky plane of the observer.

^f Position angle of comet’s negative heliocentric velocity projected into the sky plane of the observer.

^gOrbital plane angle. Negative values means the observer is below the orbital plane of the comet.

^†Comet blended with a field star, not included for analyses.

^‡Used only for astrometry, because of unremovable strong vignetting from the edge shadow.

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