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Table 5

Maximum differences in libration angles (converted to metres on the lunar surface) between different generations of ephemerides over 25 years.

2000-20230 I17a-I13c I19a-I17a I19a-I21a I19a-DE421
Differences in the model and in the data span CMB interaction + 4 yr LLR Core shape + 2 yr LLR +2 yr LLR CMB interaction, core shape +11 yr LLR

Δψ 3 m 40 cm 6 cm 3 m
Δθ 1.5 m 15 cm 3 cm 50 cm
Δφ 3 m 50 cm 10 cm 1.6 cm
Offset in 100 m 5 cm

Notes. The header notes the main differences in the dynamical model and data span between the ephemerides. The considered ephemerides are INPOP17a (I17a) (Viswanathan et al. 2018b), INPOP19a (I19a) (Fienga et al. 2019), INPOP21a (I21a) (Fienga et al. 2021), INPOP13c (I13c) (Fienga et al. 2014), and DE421 (Folkner et al. 2014a).

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