Scaling relations of NEWCLUSTER galaxies measured at z = 0.8, 1.5, 2.5, and 4.0. The x-axis shows the stellar mass, and the y-axis in each panel indicates different scaling properties for galaxies. The pixels on the background represent the distribution of NEWCLUSTER galaxies at z = 0.8. Panel (a) presents the star formation rate of galaxies, which shows an overall decrease with redshift. Panel (b) presents the cold gas fraction of galaxies, which shows no strong evolution with redshift. However, the embedded figure in the panel, which presents the fraction of cold gas-deficient galaxies, shows an increase with redshift, particularly among lower-mass galaxies. Panel (c) presents half mass radius, which shows an increase over time over the entire mass range. Significant size growth is observed in high-mass galaxies, driven by mergers followed by wet compaction events. Panel (d) presents stellar metallicity, which exhibits a tight relation consistent with the empirical trend and shows no strong evolution with redshift. Panel (e) presents rotation velocity over velocity dispersion. Massive galaxies initially preferentially develop a strong rotation-supported system, which can be considered as disc settling, but experience a significant decrease in their rotation speed over time, indicating the formation of a slow rotator population through mergers. Panel (f) presents the mass of the most massive black holes in galaxies. The scaling relation lies well between the empirical relation of broad-line AGNs (solid line) and elliptical galaxies (dashed line).