Core-shift parameters of all models as a function of inclination angle for different spin axis orientations. Top left: Core-shift amplitude (A) versus inclination angle (i) for different position angle (PA) orientations of the BH spin axis. Diamonds represent A values for jet models with PA= 0°, 45°, 90° (shown in different colors) which have been scattered by the broadening kernel including refractive noise. Top right: Same as the left, but displaying the core-shift slope (p), which is the index of the power-law relation r_core = Aλ^p (inverted triangles, scattered). Bottom left: Core-shift amplitude (A) versus inclination angle (i) for disk models (orange circles), scattered disk models ( brown diamonds), jet models (blue squares) and scattered jet models (green inverted triangles) all at a single position angle of PA = 0°. Bottom right: Same as the left plot, but displaying the core-shift slope (p) for the same models. All plots include 1σ error bars obtained from the power-law fits.