A super-Earth orbiting the early-M dwarf GJ7 | Astronomy & Astrophysics (A&A)

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Volume 706 (February 2026)

A&A, 706 (2026) A166

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Table A.5

Priors adopted for planetary orbit modeling of combined light curves and RV data, along with median values of posterior distributions, using TESS PDCSAP fluxes.

Parameter	Prior	Median Circular orbit	Median Elliptical orbit	Description
P. (kg m⁻³)	𝒩 (8032.0, 3010.2)	${7931.9}_{- 1572.9}^{+ 845.5}$ $7931.9_{ - 1572.9}^{ + 845.5}$	${7981.8}_{- 1155.7}^{+ 999.4}$ $7981.8_{ - 1155.7}^{ + 999.4}$	Stellar density

TESS
D	1 (fixed)	1	1	Photometric dilution factor
q₁	𝒩 (0.238, 0.053)	${0.216}_{- 0.042}^{+ 0.045}$ $0.216_{ - 0.042}^{ + 0.045}$	${0.233}_{- 0.037}^{+ 0.041}$ $0.233_{ - 0.037}^{ + 0.041}$	Parametrization of quadratic limb darkening effect
q₂	𝒩 (0.159, 0.044)	${0.158}_{- 0.041}^{+ 0.039}$ $0.158_{ - 0.041}^{ + 0.039}$	${0.136}_{- 0.036}^{+ 0.031}$ $0.136_{ - 0.036}^{ + 0.031}$	Parametrization of quadratic limb darkening effect
Jitter (ppm)	ℒ𝒰 (1, 10⁺³)	${22.0}_{- 19.2}^{+ 241.3}$ $22.0_{ - 19.2}^{ + 241.3}$	${28.3}_{- 24.7}^{+ 282.5}$ $28.3_{ - 24.7}^{ + 282.5}$	Light curve jitter
σ_GP (ppm)	ℒ𝒰 (10⁻⁶, 10⁺³)	${228.3}_{- 16.8}^{+ 18.9}$ $228.3_{ - 16.8}^{ + 18.9}$	${229.3}_{- 17.6}^{+ 18.7}$ $229.3_{ - 17.6}^{ + 18.7}$	Hyperparameter of the Matern kernel
ρ_GP (d⁻¹)	ℒ𝒰 (10⁻⁶, 10⁺³)	${0.36}_{- 0.05}^{+ 0.07}$ $0.36_{ - 0.05}^{ + 0.07}$	${0.34}_{- 0.05}^{+ 0.05}$ $0.34_{ - 0.05}^{ + 0.05}$	Hyperparameter of the Matern kernel

CHEOPS
D	1 (fixed)	1	1	Photometric dilution factor
q₁	𝒩 (0.402, 0.074)	${0.428}_{- 0.067}^{+ 0.066}$ $0.428_{ - 0.067}^{ + 0.066}$	${0.432}_{- 0.056}^{+ 0.056}$ $0.432_{ - 0.056}^{ + 0.056}$	Parametrization of quadratic limb darkening effect
q₂	𝒩 (0.186, 0.039)	${0.220}_{- 0.025}^{+ 0.028}$ $0.220_{ - 0.025}^{ + 0.028}$	${0.193}_{- 0.033}^{+ 0.035}$ $0.193_{ - 0.033}^{ + 0.035}$	Parametrization of quadratic limb darkening effect
Jitter (ppm)	ℒ𝒰 (1, 10⁺³)	${64.1}_{- 58.8}^{357.3}$ $64.1_{ - 58.8}^{357.3}$	${23.9}_{- 20.8}^{+ 163.9}$ $23.9_{ - 20.8}^{ + 163.9}$	Light curve jitter

ESPRESSO18
μ (ms⁻¹)	𝒩 (0.21, 1.71)	${0.18}_{- 1.06}^{+ 1.08}$ $0.18_{ - 1.06}^{ + 1.08}$	${0.58}_{- 1.25}^{+ 1.26}$ $0.58_{ - 1.25}^{ + 1.26}$	Mean RV value
RVjitter (ms⁻¹)	ℒ𝒰 (10⁻¹⁰, 1.0)	${0.000}_{- 0.000}^{+ 0.003}$ $0.000_{ - 0.000}^{ + 0.003}$	${0.000}_{- 0.000}^{+ 0.011}$ $0.000_{ - 0.000}^{ + 0.011}$	RV jitter

ESPRESSO19
μ (m s⁻¹ )	𝒩 (−0.14, 2.43)	${0.81}_{- 0.80}^{+ 0.64}$ $0.81_{ - 0.80}^{ + 0.64}$	${0.78}_{- 0.72}^{+ 0.76}$ $0.78_{ - 0.72}^{ + 0.76}$	Mean RV value
R_Vjitter (ms⁻¹)	ℒ𝒰 (10⁻¹⁰, 1.0)	${0.001}_{- 0.001}^{+ 0.129}$ $0.001_{ - 0.001}^{ + 0.129}$	${0.004}_{- 0.004}^{+ 0.631}$ $0.004_{ - 0.004}^{ + 0.631}$	RV jitter

ESPRESSO21
μ (m s⁻¹)	𝒩 (2.97, 2.40)	${3.04}_{- 0.58}^{+ 0.53}$ $3.04_{ - 0.58}^{ + 0.53}$	${3.05}_{- 0.52}^{+ 0.45}$ $3.05_{ - 0.52}^{ + 0.45}$	Mean RV value
R_Vjitter (ms⁻¹)	ℒ𝒰 (10⁻¹⁰, 1.0)	${0.000}_{- 0.000}^{+ 0.049}$ $0.000_{ - 0.000}^{ + 0.049}$	${0.000}_{- 0.000}^{+ 0.019}$ $0.000_{ - 0.000}^{ + 0.019}$	RV jitter

RV rotation GP kernel
σ_GP (ms⁻¹)	𝒰 (0, 5000)	${2.49}_{- 0.30}^{+ 0.44}$ $2.49_{ - 0.30}^{ + 0.44}$	${4.18}_{- 0.70}^{+ 0.68}$ $4.18_{ - 0.70}^{ + 0.68}$	Dispersion of the GP regressor
Q₀	𝒩 (0.0, 5000)	${1.1}_{- 0.7}^{+ 0.7}$ $1.1_{ - 0.7}^{ + 0.7}$	${0.2}_{- 0.2}^{+ 0.4}$ $0.2_{ - 0.2}^{ + 0.4}$	Quality of half rotation
f	𝒩 (0.5, 0.3)	${0.71}_{- 0.19}^{+ 0.24}$ $0.71_{ - 0.19}^{ + 0.24}$	${0.79}_{- 0.18}^{+ 0.21}$ $0.79_{ - 0.18}^{ + 0.21}$	Fractional amplitude
dQ	𝒩 (0.0, 100)	$- {0.95}_{- 0.70}^{+ 0.7}$ $- 0.95_{ - 0.70}^{ + 0.7}$	${78.2}_{- 47.9}^{+ 61.6}$ $78.2_{ - 47.9}^{ + 61.6}$	Quality difference
P_rot (d)	𝒩 (48.5, 1)	${48.5}_{- 1.0}^{+ 0.9}$ $48.5_{ - 1.0}^{ + 0.9}$	${48.2}_{- 0.8}^{+ 0.7}$ $48.2_{ - 0.8}^{ + 0.7}$	Characteristic stellar cycle

Planetary fitted parameters
P(d)	𝒩 (10.21543, 0.001)	${10.215202}_{- 0.000075}^{+ 0.000078}$ $10.215202_{ - 0.000075}^{ + 0.000078}$	${10.215203}_{- 0.000008}^{+ 0.000010}$ $10.215203_{ - 0.000008}^{ + 0.000010}$	Orbital period
T₀	𝒩 (2458356.3709, 0.01)	${2458356.37240}_{- 0.00100}^{+ 0.00089}$ $2458356.37240_{ - 0.00100}^{ + 0.00089}$	${2458356.37211}_{- 0.00117}^{+ 0.00104}$ $2458356.37211_{ - 0.00117}^{ + 0.00104}$	Mid-transit time
b	𝒰 (0, 1)	${0.25}_{- 0.16}^{+ 0.18}$ $0.25_{ - 0.16}^{ + 0.18}$	${0.29}_{- 0.18}^{+ 0.14}$ $0.29_{ - 0.18}^{ + 0.14}$	Impact parameter
R_p/R_*	𝒰 (0, 0.1)	${0.02957}_{- 0.00084}^{+ 0.00084}$ $0.02957_{ - 0.00084}^{ + 0.00084}$	${0.02901}_{- 0.00093}^{+ 0.00083}$ $0.02901_{ - 0.00093}^{ + 0.00083}$	Scaled planetary radius
K (m s⁻¹)	𝒰 (0, 20)	${1.602}_{- 0.225}^{+ 0.261}$ $1.602_{ - 0.225}^{ + 0.261}$	${1.638}_{- 0.222}^{+ 0.203}$ $1.638_{ - 0.222}^{ + 0.203}$	Keplerian amplitude of the RV curve
a/R.	—	${35.24}_{- 2.50}^{+ 1.21}$ $35.24_{ - 2.50}^{ + 1.21}$	${35.31}_{- 1.79}^{+ 1.42}$ $35.31_{ - 1.79}^{ + 1.42}$	Scaled semimajor axis
e	𝒰 (0, 0.9)	0 (fixed)	${0.018}_{- 0.014}^{+ 0.044}$ $0.018_{ - 0.014}^{ + 0.044}$	Orbital eccentricity
ω (deg)	𝒰 (0, 360)	90 (fixed)	$185_{- 141}^{+ 118}$ $185_{ - 141}^{ + 118}$	Argument of periapsis

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