Synthetic seismic parameters extracted from the p-mode frequencies computed with ADIPLS, as described in Sect. 3.3. The MESA models are computed with the reference input physics listed in Table 1, with M = 1.0 M_⊙ and solar metallicity. (a) Variation of the acoustic offset ε as a function of Δν, with an emphasis on the evolutionary stage. Clump stars are shown by the orange ‘C’ symbols while the RGB and AGB are colour-coded in blue and red, respectively. ‘C’ symbols show the progress in the clump stage. Small (large, respectively), symbols correspond to the early (late, respectively), clump phase. The arrows indicate the direction of evolution. (b) and (c) Dimensionless small separations d_0ℓ as a function of Δν. Mean error bars estimated for Δν below or above 0.5 μHz are represented on each panel.