Notes. R² and RMSE for T_gas data of the five independent pairs of randomly selected planets removed from training (Fig. 9, Figs. B.5–B.8). All of the R² values are very close to one, showing good agreement between the prediction and the ground truth. Although the RMSE is high due to large absolute deviations, the ML models successfully capture the underlying trends and variability, as evidenced by the high R² values.