Normalized distributions of difference between the observed q_IR and the one expected from Eq. (4) (Delvecchio et al. 2021) based on the stellar mass and the redshift of the host galaxy, q_IR (M_★, z). The light purple histogram represents the distribution of the (M_★, z)-CS. The stacked dark purple histogram (i.e., dark purple histogram on top of the light purple one) represents the detections, and the hatched orange histogram is the so-called mirror distribution, interpreted as the intrinsic q_IR distribution of SFGs. The bootstrapped median values of the mirror distribution were fit with a Gaussian (red curve; see Sect. 5 for further details). Left panel: q_IR was computed using the VLA luminosity coming from both star formation and AGN activity. Right panel: q_IR, corr is measured after subtracting the AGN radio luminosity detected by the VLBA from the total radio VLA emission.