Where does the simplified stellar contamination model fail in exoplanet transmission spectroscopy?

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Table 2

Stellar-contamination retrieval summary for LHS 1140 b.

Parameter	R-TLSE^(a)	`ECLIPSE-X`λ	`ECLIPSE-X`λ (LDCs=0)
Stellar contamination

T_spot (K)	$3000_{- 70}^{+ 70}$ $\[3000_{-70}^{+70}\]$	$2660_{- 210}^{+ 230}$ $\[2660_{-210}^{+230}\]$	$2960_{- 70}^{+ 80}$ $\[2960_{-70}^{+80}\]$
T_phot (K)	$3070_{- 50}^{+ 40}$ $\[3070_{-50}^{+40}\]$	$3100_{- 50}^{+ 40}$ $\[3100_{-50}^{+40}\]$	$3100_{- 40}^{+ 40}$ $\[3100_{-40}^{+40}\]$
T_fac (K)	$3150_{- 90}^{+ 70}$ $\[3150_{-90}^{+70}\]$	$3700_{- 40}^{+ 50}$ $\[3700_{-40}^{+50}\]$	$3370_{- 60}^{+ 50}$ $\[3370_{-60}^{+50}\]$
f_spot	${0.04}_{- 0.01}^{+ 0.02}$ $\[0.04_{-0.01}^{+0.02}\]$	${0.021}_{- 0.07}^{+ 0.012}$ $\[0.021_{-0.07}^{+0.012}\]$	${0.027}_{- 0.012}^{+ 0.013}$ $\[0.027_{-0.012}^{+0.013}\]$
f_fac	${0.21}_{- 0.12}^{+ 0.14}$ $\[0.21_{-0.12}^{+0.14}\]$	${0.35}_{- 0.06}^{+ 0.03}$ $\[0.35_{-0.06}^{+0.03}\]$	${0.22}_{- 0.05}^{+ 0.05}$ $\[0.22_{-0.05}^{+0.05}\]$

Model statistics

χ² (d.o.f.)	235 (136)	241 (136)	237 (136)
$χ_{red}^{2}$ $\[\chi_{\text {red}}^{2}\]$	1.73	1.77	1.74

Notes. Columns compare the reference TLS-only stellar-contamination solution (R-TLSE) with the ECLIPSE-Xλ fits including wavelength-dependent limb darkening and with limb darkening set to zero (LDCs = 0). The upper block lists the inferred temperatures and filling factors of spots and faculae; the lower block reports the corresponding goodness-of-fit statistics. (a) The R-TLSE column reproduces the TLS-only stellar-contamination results from the reference retrieval of Cadieux et al. (2024).

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