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Fig. 2

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Oxygen ion flux distributions in the XZ plane for different simulation runs, averaged over −1.6 RMY ≤ 1.6 RM. In each panel, the black circle represents Mars, the vertical yellow arrow on the left indicates the direction of the solar wind motional electric field (ESW), and the white arrows indicate the direction of the ionospheric oxygen ion flux, with arrow lengths proportional to the flux magnitude.

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