Several perspectives of the northern polar vortex. Panel a: VLT/VISIR image from 16 October 2024 that illustrates the colder polar vortex in the Q3 filter (tropospheric measurements at 19.5 μm around 100 mbar). Panel b: VLT/VISIR image from 16 October 2024 that illustrates the colder polar vortex in the 7.9 μm-filter (stratospheric measurements around 10 mbar). Panel: TEXES image from 28 February 2025 that illustrates the colder polar vortex in the 17.1 μm (586 cm⁻¹) wavelength (tropospheric observations around 100 mbar). The composite polar projection in panel d of Jupiter’s north pole combines the VLT/VISIR 7.9 μm infrared map (panel b), where the brightness temperatures are between 142.8 K and 151.9 K, with Cassini background imagery [Credit: NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute (2006)]. The dashed black circle serves as a visual marker for the 65° planetocentric latitude. Ingress locations of Juno radio occultations from PJ64-PJ72 are overlaid. Occultation points are color-coded by whether they intersect the cold polar vortex (blue) or surrounding region (red). Details on the RO experiments can be found in Table A.1.