Top panel: frequency-dependent dust absorption opacities (per gram of dust, g_dust) from tabulated values (Krieger & Wolf 2020, 2022). The blue points denote 132 frequencies logarithmically sampled in the range ν ∈ [1.5 × 10¹¹, 6 × 10¹⁵] Hz for the computation of irradiation flux in our models. The black line indicates the blackbody function, and the orange line shows the Planck opacity for T_⋆ = 4000 K (figure similar to Kuiper et al. 2010). Bottom panel: temperature-dependent Planck and Rosseland mean opacities for the radiation transfer. The local maximum (≈ 250 K) and the subsequent dip in the mean opacities is due to the 10 μm silicate feature.