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Table A.1

Physical parameters used in the validation of MoCSI and comparison to 1DTM and heat1D.

Simulation Parameter name Parameter value
Analytical solution [1] Initial temperature 300K
Top boundary heat flux 7 ∙ 105 Wm−2
Bottom boundary heat flux 0Wm−2
Thermal conductivity 80.2Wm−1K−1
Specific heat capacity 450Jkg−1K−1
Bulk density 7800kgm−3

Spherical crater radiosity [2] Insolation 1000Wm−2
Albedo 0.3
Emissivity 0.99
sun elevation above normal 15°
crater bottom-rim angle 40°

1DTM [3] Initial temperature 210K
Top boundary heat flux Surface energy balance
Bottom boundary heat flux 0.2 Wm−2
Facet latitude
Period 59479413.48 s
Heliocentric distance 1.52AU
Albedo 0.2
Emissivity 1
Thermal conductivity 0.015Wm−1K−1
Specific heat capacity 800Jkg−1K−1
Bulk density 1200kgm−3

heat1d [4] Initial temperature 110.3779K
Top boundary heat flux Surface energy balance
Bottom boundary heat flux 0.03Wm−2
Period 618192s
Heliocentric distance 5.2044AU
Obliquity 0.05463 rad
Equilibrium time 374006160 s
Albedo 0.4
Emissivity 0.9
R350 6.2974 ∙ 10−8 Wm−1K−4
H-parameter 0.07
Thermal conductivity 0.01 - (0.01 - 0.002) ∙ exp(-x/H) + (1 + R350 ∙ T3) Wm−1 K−1
Specific heat capacity 90 ∙ T + 7.49Jkg−1K−1
Bulk density 450 - (450 - 100) ∙ exp(-x∕H)kgm−3

Notes. [1] Analytical solution from Incropera et al. (1996), values taken from MOOSE Framework (2025); [2] Non-transient simulation, description of solution in Ingersoll et al. (1992) and crater values and mesh used from Potter et al. (2023) [3] Schörghofer & Khatiwala (2024); [4] Hayne et al. (2017).

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