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Fig. 6.

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Histograms of ΔPAjet − opt, the 2D misalignment angle between the projected galaxy spin and the optical position angle, derived from synthetic images from the DESI-LS (top row) and Euclid (middle row) catalogs, with measurements estimated at 2Re. The third row presents histograms of ΔPAjet − kin, the misalignment between the projected galaxy spin and the kinematic PA derived from synthetic MaNGA velocity fields. The first column includes results for the treatment of all good cases, defined by expected more reliable optical or kinematic PA measurements, while the second and third columns display trends for spheroid-dominated galaxies (V*/σ* < 0.7) and disk-dominated galaxies (V*/σ* > 1.0), respectively. In each panel, the black, green, and red hashed histograms represent the results with no added scatter, and with uniform scatter of up to 15° and 30° respectively, applied to the 3D BH spin vectors. The dashed magenta line refers to the uniform distribution and the number indicate the number of images used to derive the histrograms. Overall, a clear trend of alignment between the jet direction and the galaxy orientation is observed, with a higher fraction of galaxies exhibiting misalignment angles below 20°, even when random angular scatter is introduced to the BH spin.

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