Formation of the dormant black holes with luminous companions from binary or triple systems

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Volume 706 (February 2026)

A&A, 706 (2026) A105

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Table 1.

Physical parameters of dBH-LCs observed through radial velocity or astrometric measurements.

Name	M_BH (M_⊙)	M_LC (M_⊙)	P_orb (days)	e	Type
GC NGC3201 #12560	≥4.36	$0 . 81_{- 0.05}^{+ 0.05}$ $0.81^{+0.05}_{-0.05}$	$166 . 88_{- 0.63}^{+ 0.71}$ $166.88^{+0.71}_{-0.63}$	$0 . 610_{- 0.020}^{+ 0.020}$ $0.610^{+0.020}_{-0.020}$	MS
GC NGC3201 #21859	≥7.68	$0 . 61_{- 0.05}^{+ 0.05}$ $0.61^{+0.05}_{-0.05}$	$2 . 24_{- 0.01}^{+ 0.01}$ $2.24^{+0.01}_{-0.01}$	$0 . 070_{- 0.04}^{+ 0.04}$ $0.070^{+0.04}_{-0.04}$	MS
VFTS 243	≥8.70	$25 . 0_{- 2.3}^{+ 2.3}$ $25.0^{+2.3}_{-2.3}$	$10 . 40_{- 0.01}^{+ 0.01}$ $10.40^{+0.01}_{-0.01}$	$0 . 017_{- 0.01}^{+ 0.01}$ $0.017^{+0.01}_{-0.01}$	MS
HD 130298	$8 . 80_{- 1.5}^{+ 3.5}$ $8.80^{+3.5}_{-1.5}$	$24 . 2_{- 3.8}^{+ 3.8}$ $24.2^{+3.8}_{-3.8}$	$14 . 63_{- 0.01}^{+ 0.01}$ $14.63^{+0.01}_{-0.01}$	$0 . 457_{- 0.007}^{+ 0.007}$ $0.457^{+0.007}_{-0.007}$	MS
Gaia BH1	$9 . 78_{- 0.18}^{+ 0.18}$ $9.78^{+0.18}_{-0.18}$	$0 . 93_{- 0.05}^{+ 0.05}$ $0.93^{+0.05}_{-0.05}$	$185 . 59_{- 0.05}^{+ 0.05}$ $185.59^{+0.05}_{-0.05}$	$0 . 454_{- 0.005}^{+ 0.005}$ $0.454^{+0.005}_{-0.005}$	MS
AS 386	≥7.00	$7_{- 1}^{+ 1}$ $7^{+1}_{-1}$	$131 . 27_{- 0.09}^{+ 0.09}$ $131.27^{+0.09}_{-0.09}$	0	Giant
Gaia BH2	$8 . 93_{- 0.33}^{+ 0.33}$ $8.93^{+0.33}_{-0.33}$	$1 . 07_{- 0.19}^{+ 0.19}$ $1.07^{+0.19}_{-0.19}$	$1276 . 70_{- 0.6}^{+ 0.6}$ $1276.70^{+0.6}_{-0.6}$	$0 . 518_{- 0.002}^{+ 0.002}$ $0.518^{+0.002}_{-0.002}$	Giant
Gaia BH3	$32 . 70_{- 0.82}^{+ 0.82}$ $32.70^{+0.82}_{-0.82}$	$0 . 76_{- 0.05}^{+ 0.05}$ $0.76^{+0.05}_{-0.05}$	$4253 . 1_{- 98.5}^{+ 98.5}$ $4253.1^{+98.5}_{-98.5}$	$0 . 7291_{- 0.0048}^{+ 0.0048}$ $0.7291^{+0.0048}_{-0.0048}$	Giant
2M05215658+4359220	$3 . 30_{- 0.70}^{+ 0.80}$ $3.30^{+0.80}_{-0.70}$	$4 . 4_{- 1.5}^{+ 2.2}$ $4.4^{+2.2}_{-1.5}$	$82 . 20_{- 2.50}^{+ 2.50}$ $82.20^{+2.50}_{-2.50}$	$0 . 005_{- 0.003}^{+ 0.003}$ $0.005^{+0.003}_{-0.003}$	Giant
Gaia ID 3425577610762832384	$3 . 60_{- 0.50}^{+ 0.80}$ $3.60^{+0.80}_{-0.50}$	$2 . 66_{- 0.68}^{+ 1.18}$ $2.66^{+1.18}_{-0.68}$	$877_{- 2.0}^{+ 2.0}$ $877^{+2.0}_{-2.0}$	$0 . 05_{- 0.01}^{+ 0.01}$ $0.05^{+0.01}_{-0.01}$	Giant

Notes. The second and third columns show the mass of the BH (M_BH) and the mass of the LC (M_LC), respectively. The fourth and fifth columns give the orbital period (P_orb) and eccentricity (e) of the dBH-LCs. The last column indicates the type of LC. The data from the first to the last row come from the following sources: Giesers et al. (2018, 2019), Shenar et al. (2022), Mahy et al. (2022), El-Badry et al. (2023b), Khokhlov et al. (2018), El-Badry et al. (2023a), Gaia Collaboration (2024), Thompson et al. (2019), and Wang et al. (2024), respectively. In addition, we refer to the recent review on BHs by Costa et al. (2023, and the references within). Some observations of dBH-LCs that are still under debate are not included in our statistics (for example, the findings by Casares et al. 2014; Liu et al. 2019b; Thompson et al. 2019; Rivinius et al. 2020; Jayasinghe et al. 2021; Saracino et al. 2022, and Lennon et al. 2022).

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