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Fig. 1.
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Positions of the SPH particles in the St–ε plane, coloured by their radial distance to the star r, at t = 150 000 yr in simulations without (left) and with (right) the CO snow line. The solid and dashed lines show the critical dust-to-gas ratios εcrit from Lim et al. (2024) and εLY21 from Li & Youdin (2021), respectively.
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