Mass–metallicity relation using 12+log(O/H) as the metallicity tracer. Shaded bands: Simulated data with 1σ confidence intervals (Revaz & Jablonka 2018; Roca-Fàbrega et al. 2021) at redshifts marked by the numbers in gray. The curves present the observed MZR obtained in the literature. Dark blue: Li et al. (2023) values from the study of dwarf galaxies at 1.8 < z < 2.3 and 2.65 < z < 3.4 with JWST/NIRISS. Red: Maiolino et al. (2008) values found by reprocessing the data from Tremonti et al. (2004), Kewley & Ellison (2008), Savaglio et al. (2005), and Erb et al. (2006) at 0.1 < z < 2.2; as well as from the VLT near-IR observations performed with SINFONI at redshifts of 3 < z < 5. Blue: Sanders et al. (2021) values from the MOSDEF survey of galaxies at z ∼ 2.3 and 3.3. Purple: Curti et al. (2024) values from the analysis of low-mass galaxies at 3 < z < 6 observed with JWST/NIRSpec. Orange: Strom et al. (2022) values from a sample of 195 star-forming galaxies at z ∼ 2 from the Keck Baryonic Structure Survey.