Empirical cumulative distribution function (CDF) of f_esc in the parent sample. The solid dark pink line shows the CDF for our data, with the shaded area representing the 95% confidence interval. The dotted lines with the shaded areas show the CDF of different simulations, including SPHINX and OBELISK, with the respective 95% confidence interval. The dashed blue lines show the three realizations of the SPICE simulation. The dot-dashed purple line represents a simple exponential distribution with a mean of 10%, as justified by the results of Figure 7, and which fits our CDF rather well. All models consistently predict mostly low-f_esc objects, with a few high-f_esc sources that drive the mean f_esc to non-negligible values.