Evidence for stellar contamination and water absorption in NGTS-5b’s transmission spectra with GTC/OSIRIS

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Table 4

Priors and derived posteriors for the parameters used in the spectral retrieval analyses.

Parameter	Prior	Posterior
		Model A.i	Model B.i	Model C.i	Model D.ii	Model E.i	Model F.i
T_iso (K)	𝒰(500, 1500)	–	$702_{- 85}^{+ 63}$ $Mathematical equation: $702_{ - 85}^{ + 63}$$	$637_{- 61}^{+ 86}$ $Mathematical equation: $637_{ - 61}^{ + 86}$$	–	$608_{- 37}^{+ 37}$ $Mathematical equation: $608_{ - 37}^{ + 37}$$	$706_{- 66}^{+ 77}$ $Mathematical equation: $706_{ - 66}^{ + 77}$$
log P₀ (log bar)	𝒰(−6, 2)	–	$- {4.90}_{- 0.64}^{+ 1.07}$ $Mathematical equation: $ - 4.90_{ - 0.64}^{ + 1.07}$$	$- {4.94}_{- 0.56}^{+ 0.52}$ $Mathematical equation: $ - 4.94_{ - 0.56}^{ + 0.52}$$	–	$- {3.98}_{- 0.89}^{+ 0.57}$ $Mathematical equation: $ - 3.98_{ - 0.89}^{ + 0.57}$$	$- {5.43}_{- 0.35}^{+ 0.51}$ $Mathematical equation: $ - 5.43_{ - 0.35}^{ + 0.51}$$
log P_cloud (log bar)	𝒰(−6, 2)	–	${0.32}_{- 2.12}^{+ 1.18}$ $Mathematical equation: $0.32_{ - 2.12}^{ + 1.18}$$	$- {0.41}_{- 2.09}^{+ 1.55}$ $Mathematical equation: $ - 0.41_{ - 2.09}^{ + 1.55}$$	–	${1.51}_{- 0.45}^{+ 0.32}$ $Mathematical equation: $1.51_{ - 0.45}^{ + 0.32}$$	$- {0.45}_{- 2.38}^{+ 1.45}$ $Mathematical equation: $ - 0.45_{ - 2.38}^{ + 1.45}$$
log A_RS	𝒰(−4, 4)	–	${1.42}_{- 3.51}^{+ 1.49}$ $Mathematical equation: $1.42_{ - 3.51}^{ + 1.49}$$	${0.68}_{- 2.21}^{+ 1.91}$ $Mathematical equation: $0.68_{ - 2.21}^{ + 1.91}$$	–	$- {2.27}_{- 0.55}^{+ 0.46}$ $Mathematical equation: $ - 2.27_{ - 0.55}^{ + 0.46}$$	$- {0.66}_{- 1.86}^{+ 1.95}$ $Mathematical equation: $ - 0.66_{ - 1.86}^{ + 1.95}$$
ϕ	𝒰(0, 1)	–	${0.33}_{- 0.18}^{+ 0.16}$ $Mathematical equation: $0.33_{ - 0.18}^{ + 0.16}$$	${0.16}_{- 0.11}^{+ 0.23}$ $Mathematical equation: $0.16_{ - 0.11}^{ + 0.23}$$	–	${0.85}_{- 0.18}^{+ 0.10}$ $Mathematical equation: $0.85_{ - 0.18}^{ + 0.10}$$	${0.15}_{- 0.11}^{+ 0.22}$ $Mathematical equation: $0.15_{ - 0.11}^{ + 0.22}$$
R_p (R_Jup) ^a	𝒰(−0.5, 1.5)	${1.063}_{- 0.001}^{+ 0.001}$ $Mathematical equation: $1.063_{ - 0.001}^{ + 0.001}$$	–	–	${1.051}_{- 0.035}^{+ 0.009}$ $Mathematical equation: $1.051_{ - 0.035}^{ + 0.009}$$	–	–
T_phot (K)	𝒩(4987, 41)	–	–	–	$4991_{- 41}^{+ 42}$ $Mathematical equation: $4991_{ - 41}^{ + 42}$$	$4991_{- 38}^{+ 38}$ $Mathematical equation: $4991_{ - 38}^{ + 38}$$	$4987_{- 34}^{+ 33}$ $Mathematical equation: $4987_{ - 34}^{ + 33}$$
$Δ T_{spot}^{N 1}$ $Mathematical equation: ${{\rm{\Delta }}T_{{\rm{spot}}}^{{\rm{N}}1}}$$ (K)	𝒰(−2500, 2500)	–	–	–	$- 1617_{- 225}^{+ 332}$ $Mathematical equation: $ - 1617_{ - 225}^{ + 332}$$	$- 1009_{- 187}^{+ 118}$ $Mathematical equation: $ - 1009_{ - 187}^{ + 118}$$	$- 947_{- 107}^{+ 108}$ $Mathematical equation: $ - 947_{ - 107}^{ + 108}$$
$f_{spot}^{N 1}$ $Mathematical equation: ${f_{{\rm{spot}}}^{{\rm{N}}1}}$$	𝒰(0, 1)	–	–	–	${0.17}_{- 0.04}^{+ 0.03}$ $Mathematical equation: $0.17_{ - 0.04}^{ + 0.03}$$	${0.24}_{- 0.04}^{+ 0.04}$ $Mathematical equation: $0.24_{ - 0.04}^{ + 0.04}$$	${0.26}_{- 0.03}^{+ 0.03}$ $Mathematical equation: $0.26_{ - 0.03}^{ + 0.03}$$
$Δ T_{spot}^{N 2}$ $Mathematical equation: ${{\rm{\Delta }}T_{{\rm{spot}}}^{{\rm{N}}2}}$$ (K)	𝒰(−2500, 2500)	–	–	–	$- 2026_{- 360}^{+ 1604}$ $Mathematical equation: $ - 2026_{ - 360}^{ + 1604}$$	$- 250_{- 340}^{+ 159}$ $Mathematical equation: $ - 250_{ - 340}^{ + 159}$$	$- 136_{- 126}^{+ 78}$ $Mathematical equation: $ - 136_{ - 126}^{ + 78}$$
$f_{spot}^{N 2}$ $Mathematical equation: $f_{{\rm{spot}}}^{{\rm{N}}2}$$	𝒰(0, 1)	–	–	–	${0.04}_{- 0.01}^{+ 0.01}$ $Mathematical equation: $0.04_{ - 0.01}^{ + 0.01}$$	${0.09}_{- 0.05}^{+ 0.10}$ $Mathematical equation: $0.09_{ - 0.05}^{ + 0.10}$$	${0.13}_{- 0.06}^{+ 0.10}$ $Mathematical equation: $0.13_{ - 0.06}^{ + 0.10}$$
C/O	𝒰(0.1, 1.6)	–	${0.14}_{- 0.03}^{+ 0.07}$ $Mathematical equation: $0.14_{ - 0.03}^{ + 0.07}$$	–	–	${0.13}_{- 0.02}^{+ 0.06}$ $Mathematical equation: $0.13_{ - 0.02}^{ + 0.06}$$	–
log Z (Z_⊙)	𝒰(−2, 3)	–	${0.74}_{- 1.21}^{+ 0.41}$ $Mathematical equation: $0.74_{ - 1.21}^{ + 0.41}$$	–	–	$- {0.99}_{- 0.33}^{+ 0.64}$ $Mathematical equation: $ - 0.99_{ - 0.33}^{ + 0.64}$$	–
log X_Na	𝒰(−12, 0)	–	–	$- {8.47}_{- 1.91}^{+ 1.19}$ $Mathematical equation: $ - 8.47_{ - 1.91}^{ + 1.19}$$	–	– $- {9.03}_{- 1.78}^{+ 1.41}$ $Mathematical equation: $ - 9.03_{ - 1.78}^{ + 1.41}$$
log X_K	𝒰(−12, 0)	–	–	$- {10.04}_{- 1.32}^{+ 1.76}$ $Mathematical equation: $ - 10.04_{ - 1.32}^{ + 1.76}$$	–	– $- {6.05}_{- 1.03}^{+ 0.59}$ $Mathematical equation: $ - 6.05_{ - 1.03}^{ + 0.59}$$
log X_TiO	𝒰(−12, 0)	–	–	$- {11.24}_{- 0.46}^{+ 0.57}$ $Mathematical equation: $ - 11.24_{ - 0.46}^{ + 0.57}$$	–	– $- {11.37}_{- 0.39}^{+ 0.50}$ $Mathematical equation: $ - 11.37_{ - 0.39}^{ + 0.50}$$
log X_VO	𝒰(−12, 0)	–	–	$- {10.93}_{- 0.70}^{+ 0.81}$ $Mathematical equation: $ - 10.93_{ - 0.70}^{ + 0.81}$$	–	– $- {10.98}_{- 0.68}^{+ 0.78}$ $Mathematical equation: $ - 10.98_{ - 0.68}^{ + 0.78}$$
$\log X_{H_{2} O}$ $Mathematical equation: $\log {X_{{{\rm{H}}_{\rm{2}}}{\rm{O}}}}$$	𝒰(−12, 0)	–	–	$- {1.04}_{- 0.34}^{+ 0.24}$ $Mathematical equation: $ - 1.04_{ - 0.34}^{ + 0.24}$$	–	–	$- {0.79}_{- 0.17}^{+ 0.14}$ $Mathematical equation: $ - 0.79_{ - 0.17}^{ + 0.14}$$
$\log X_{{CH}_{4}}$ $Mathematical equation: $\log {X_{{\rm{C}}{{\rm{H}}_4}}}$$	𝒰(−12, 0)	–	–	$- {7.68}_{- 2.70}^{+ 2.72}$ $Mathematical equation: $ - 7.68_{ - 2.70}^{ + 2.72}$$	–	–	$- {7.25}_{- 3.00}^{+ 2.91}$ $Mathematical equation: $ - 7.25_{ - 3.00}^{ + 2.91}$$
log X_CO	𝒰(−12, 0)	–	–	$- {6.73}_{- 3.31}^{+ 3.26}$ $Mathematical equation: $ - 6.73_{ - 3.31}^{ + 3.26}$$	–	– $- {6.74}_{- 3.10}^{+ 3.26}$ $Mathematical equation: $ - 6.74_{ - 3.10}^{ + 3.26}$$
$\log X_{CO}_{_{2}}$ $Mathematical equation: $\log {X_{{\rm{CO}}}}_{_2}$$	𝒰(−12, 0)	–	–	$- {6.67}_{- 3.31}^{+ 3.39}$ $Mathematical equation: $ - 6.67_{ - 3.31}^{ + 3.39}$$	–	–	$- {6.83}_{- 3.18}^{+ 3.28}$ $Mathematical equation: $ - 6.83_{ - 3.18}^{ + 3.28}$$
log X_HCN	𝒰(−12, 0)	–	–	$- {7.19}_{- 2.98}^{+ 2.91}$ $Mathematical equation: $ - 7.19_{ - 2.98}^{ + 2.91}$$	–	–	$- {7.04}_{- 2.85}^{+ 2.97}$ $Mathematical equation: $ - 7.04_{ - 2.85}^{ + 2.97}$$
$\log X_{C_{2}}_{H_{2}}$ $Mathematical equation: $\log {X_{{{\rm{C}}_{\rm{2}}}}}_{{{\rm{H}}_{\rm{2}}}}$$	𝒰(−12, 0)	–	–	$- {6.29}_{- 3.51}^{+ 3.04}$ $Mathematical equation: $ - 6.29_{ - 3.51}^{ + 3.04}$$	–	–	$- {6.76}_{- 3.34}^{+ 3.34}$ $Mathematical equation: $ - 6.76_{ - 3.34}^{ + 3.34}$$
$\log X_{{PH}_{3}}$ $Mathematical equation: $\log {X_{{\rm{P}}{{\rm{H}}_{\rm{3}}}}}$$	𝒰(−12, 0)	–	–	$- {6.56}_{- 3.37}^{+ 3.31}$ $Mathematical equation: $ - 6.56_{ - 3.37}^{ + 3.31}$$	–	–	$- {6.63}_{- 3.29}^{+ 3.29}$ $Mathematical equation: $ - 6.63_{ - 3.29}^{ + 3.29}$$
$\log X_{{NH}_{3}}$ $Mathematical equation: $\log {X_{{\rm{N}}{{\rm{H}}_{\rm{3}}}}}$$	𝒰(−12, 0)	–	–	$- {7.60}_{- 2.79}^{+ 2.61}$ $Mathematical equation: $ - 7.60_{ - 2.79}^{ + 2.61}$$	–	–	$- {7.37}_{- 2.74}^{+ 2.77}$ $Mathematical equation: $ - 7.37_{ - 2.74}^{ + 2.77}$$
$\log X_{H_{2} S}$ $Mathematical equation: $\log {X_{{{\rm{H}}_{\rm{2}}}{\rm{S}}}}$$	𝒰(−12, 0)	–	–	$- {6.48}_{- 3.43}^{+ 3.38}$ $Mathematical equation: $ - 6.48_{ - 3.43}^{ + 3.38}$$	–	–	$- {6.53}_{- 3.38}^{+ 3.29}$ $Mathematical equation: $ - 6.53_{ - 3.38}^{ + 3.29}$$
log X_SiO	𝒰(−12, 0)	–	–	$- {6.63}_{- 3.22}^{+ 3.24}$ $Mathematical equation: $ - 6.63_{ - 3.22}^{ + 3.24}$$	–	– $- {6.55}_{- 3.25}^{+ 3.31}$ $Mathematical equation: $ - 6.55_{ - 3.25}^{ + 3.31}$$
log X_FeH	𝒰(−12, 0)	–	–	$- {7.36}_{- 2.40}^{+ 1.81}$ $Mathematical equation: $ - 7.36_{ - 2.40}^{ + 1.81}$$	–	– $- {5.59}_{- 1.57}^{+ 0.89}$ $Mathematical equation: $ - 5.59_{ - 1.57}^{ + 0.89}$$
∆_offset (ppm)	𝒰(−5000, 5000)	$53_{- 59}^{+ 66}$ $Mathematical equation: $53_{ - 59}^{ + 66}$$	$75_{- 60}^{+ 63}$ $Mathematical equation: $75_{ - 60}^{ + 63}$$	$83_{- 60}^{+ 58}$ $Mathematical equation: $83_{ - 60}^{ + 58}$$	$3136_{- 114}^{+ 1415}$ $Mathematical equation: $3136_{ - 114}^{ + 1415}$$	$4054_{- 545}^{+ 622}$ $Mathematical equation: $4054_{ - 545}^{ + 622}$$	$4360_{- 396}^{+ 447}$ $Mathematical equation: $4360_{ - 396}^{ + 447}$$

Notes. ^(a)In the flat-line and pure stellar contamination models, the baseline transit depth was parameterized in terms of the planetary radius, R_p. For models incorporating atmospheric assumptions, the transit depth was directly fit based on the atmospheric parameters, and R_p was omitted from the parameter set.

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