Energy evolution in the fiducial run. Upper panel: Energy variation of the different particle populations (solid lines), the total energy, and the electric field energy (inset) calculated as Eq. (8). Also shown is the energy variation for the particle populations (dashed lines) calculated as Eq. (7). Lower panel: 𝒫_s/𝒫_s0 for the three particle populations and for the total energy. The horizontal solid magenta line at zero separates positive and negative values of 𝒫 and ℰ.