Maximal growth of BHs from M_seed = 10² M_⊙ at z_seed = 25 is shown for the different values of Ω_Λ shown in the colour bar for our fiducial combination w₀ = −0.98, w_a = 0.08; the dashed line marks the result for the standard ΛCDM cosmology. To maximise the BH mass, we assumed continuous Eddington-limited accretion. We compared these models to BHs measured by Bogdán et al. (2024, solid square), Furtak et al. (2024, cross), Greene et al. (2024, empty pentagons), Juodžbalis et al. (2024, upward triangle), Harikane et al. (2023a, filled diamonds), Maiolino et al. (2024a, downward triangles), Maiolino et al. (2024b, solid circle), and Kocevski et al. (2023, solid pentagon).