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Fig. 12

Fig. 12 Refer to the following caption and surrounding text.

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Detections (blue) and non-detections (orange) of Na I doublet lines using high-resolution spectrographs based on projected spin-orbit angles (λ) of the system. The green point is the position of WASP-31 b found using our observed values for λ. The top panel shows the (non-)detections with respect to V magnitude. The bottom panel shows the (non-)detections with respect to Teff of the host star. Data were extracted on 7 March, 2025. Although sodium detections exist spanning vastly different orbital alignments, non-detections show a clear preference for aligned systems (1st and 3rd quadrants); however, given the small number of non-detection publications and the higher chance of close-in giants being aligned, we cannot distinguish them from observational bias.

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