Radial profile of the vertical velocity at θ = 0.15 (at a specific azimuthal location) evolving over time (vertical axis). Time t = 0 yr indicates the point of closest approach of the fly-by. The vertical velocity is normalized by the maximum at each time step, similar to Fairbairn & Ogilvie 2023, Figure 10. We kept the rasterized grid appearance intentionally, as it highlights our resolution in space and time.