Comparison of the winding times of the phase spirals in the analytical model and the N-body model. The dotted blue and solid orange lines represent the values from the kinematic and self-gravitating models, respectively. The green dots connected with dashed lines represent the azimuthally averaged winding time ⟨t_fit⟩ at the bin of R_g = 8–8.5 kpc in the N-body model. The drop in t_fit at t ∼ 0.8 Gyr in the N-body model is caused by the second pericentric passage, which is not taken into account in the analytical model.