Comparisons for the TOMs $\overline{w^2\theta }$ (top) and $\overline{w{\theta }^2}$ (bottom). The simulation data and models are the same as those studied in Fig. 1 (top) and Fig. 2 (bottom) for S_w and $\overline{w^3}$, respectively: each panel displays results for the solar surface 3D RHD simulation with open vertical boundary conditions. The full vertical range is displayed in the left column of panels. The right column of panels zooms into the upper 40% of the simulation domain. The same colour coding was used as for Fig. 1. In addition, the results obtained for the TSMF closure with DGA (dark red line with asterisks) and without (dark green line with crosses) are shown. For both variants of the TSMF model, the quantity S_w was computed directly from 3D RHD data, as explained in the main text.