Fig. 13

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Ratio of the cumulative mass flux (Eq. (3)) reaching 1 au of simulations with outer traps at 40 au relative to simulations with inner traps at 5 au both carved by a 100 M⊕ planet, for different blocking efficiency regime as in Fig. 11. The ratio changes from above to below unity, indicating that in early stages (t < 1 Myr) inner dust traps have a greater impact on the delivery of material to the iceline, while at later stages (t > 1 Myr) their overall higher leakiness makes them less impactful.
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