Open Access
Issue
A&A
Volume 706, February 2026
Article Number A6
Number of page(s) 16
Section Galactic structure, stellar clusters and populations
DOI https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202556496
Published online 28 January 2026
  1. Anders, F., Gispert, P., Ratcliffe, B., et al. 2023, A&A, 678, A158 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
  2. Ardèvol, J., Monguió, M., Figueras, F., Romero-Gómez, M., & Carrasco, J. M. 2023, A&A, 678, A111 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
  3. Astropy Collaboration (Robitaille, T. P., et al.) 2013, A&A, 558, A33 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
  4. Astropy Collaboration (Price-Whelan, A. M., et al.) 2018, AJ, 156, 123 [Google Scholar]
  5. Athanassoula, E. 1984, Phys. Rep., 114, 319 [Google Scholar]
  6. Bacon, R., Accardo, M., Adjali, L., et al. 2010, SPIE Conf. Ser., 7735, 773508 [Google Scholar]
  7. Barbillon, M., Recio-Blanco, A., Poggio, E., et al. 2025, A&A, 693, A3 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
  8. Benjamin, R. A. 2009, in IAU Symposium, 254, The Galaxy Disk in Cosmological Context, eds. J. Andersen, Nordströara, B. M, & J. Bland-Hawthorn, 319 [Google Scholar]
  9. Bernet, M., Ramos, P., Antoja, T., et al. 2025, A&A, 697, A214 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
  10. Bird, J. C., Kazantzidis, S., Weinberg, D. H., et al. 2013, ApJ, 773, 43 [Google Scholar]
  11. Bland-Hawthorn, J., & Gerhard, O. 2016, ARA&A, 54, 529 [Google Scholar]
  12. Block, D. L., Bertin, G., Stockton, A., et al. 1994, A&A, 288, 365 [NASA ADS] [Google Scholar]
  13. Breda, I., van de Ven, G., Thater, S., et al. 2024, A&A, 692, L10 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
  14. Buck, T., Obreja, A., Macciò, A. V., et al. 2020, MNRAS, 491, 3461 [Google Scholar]
  15. Buta, R. J., Sheth, K., Regan, M., et al. 2010, ApJS, 190, 147 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  16. Chandar, R., Chien, L. H., Meidt, S., et al. 2017, ApJ, 845, 78 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  17. Chen, Q.-H., Grasha, K., Battisti, A. J., et al. 2024, MNRAS, 527, 2991 [Google Scholar]
  18. Das, A., Pandey, B., & Sarkar, S. 2023, Research in A&A, 23, 115018 [Google Scholar]
  19. Debattista, V. P., Khachaturyants, T., Amarante, J. A. S., et al. 2025, MNRAS, 537, 1620 [Google Scholar]
  20. Dobbs, C., & Baba, J. 2014, PASA, 31, e035 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  21. Drimmel, R. 2000, A&A, 358, L13 [NASA ADS] [Google Scholar]
  22. Drimmel, R., & Spergel, D. N. 2001, ApJ, 556, 181 [Google Scholar]
  23. Elmegreen, D. M. 1981, ApJS, 47, 229 [Google Scholar]
  24. Elmegreen, D. M., Elmegreen, B. G., Yau, A., et al. 2011, ApJ, 737, 32 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  25. Erroz-Ferrer, S., Carollo, C. M., den Brok, M., et al. 2019, MNRAS, 484, 5009 [Google Scholar]
  26. Eskridge, P. B., Frogel, J. A., Pogge, R. W., et al. 2002, ApJS, 143, 73 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  27. Fiteni, K., Caruana, J., Amarante, J. A. S., Debattista, V. P., & Beraldo e Silva, L. 2021, MNRAS, 503, 1418 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  28. Fiteni, K., De Rijcke, S., Debattista, V. P., & Caruana, J. 2024, MNRAS, 529, 4879 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  29. Gaia Collaboration (Drimmel, R., et al.) 2023, A&A, 674, A37 [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
  30. Garner, R., Mihos, J. C., Harding, P., & Garner, C. R. 2024, ApJ, 961, 217 [Google Scholar]
  31. Ghosh, S., & D’Onghia, E. 2025, arXiv e-prints [arXiv:2510.25848] [Google Scholar]
  32. Ghosh, S., Debattista, V. P., & Khachaturyants, T. 2022, MNRAS, 511, 784 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  33. Gnedin, O. Y., Goodman, J., & Frei, Z. 1995, AJ, 110, 1105 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  34. Gommers, R., Virtanen, P., Haberland, M., et al. 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10155614 [Google Scholar]
  35. Grand, R. J. J., Kawata, D., & Cropper, M. 2012, MNRAS, 426, 167 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  36. Grand, R. J. J., Gómez, F. A., Marinacci, F., et al. 2017, MNRAS, 467, 179 [NASA ADS] [Google Scholar]
  37. Grand, R. J. J., Fragkoudi, F., Gómez, F. A., et al. 2024, MNRAS, 532, 1814 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  38. Hackshaw, Z., Hawkins, K., Filion, C., et al. 2024, ApJ, 977, 143 [Google Scholar]
  39. Harris, C. R., Millman, K. J., van der Walt, S. J., et al. 2020, Nature, 585, 357 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  40. Hawkins, K. 2023, MNRAS, 525, 3318 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  41. Honig, Z. N., & Reid, M. J. 2015, ApJ, 800, 53 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  42. Hou, L. G. 2021, Front. Astron. Space Sci., 8, 103 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  43. Hunter, J. D. 2007, Comput. Sci. Eng., 9, 90 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  44. Jarrett, T. H., Chester, T., Cutri, R., Schneider, S. E., & Huchra, J. P. 2003, AJ, 125, 525 [Google Scholar]
  45. Jin, S., Trager, S. C., Dalton, G. B., et al. 2024, MNRAS, 530, 2688 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  46. Kalita, B. S., Yu, S.-Y., Silverman, J. D., et al. 2025, ApJ, 979, L44 [Google Scholar]
  47. Kendall, S., Kennicutt, R. C., & Clarke, C. 2011, MNRAS, 414, 538 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  48. Khachaturyants, T., Beraldo e Silva, L., Debattista, V. P., & Daniel, K. J. 2022a, MNRAS, 512, 3500 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  49. Khachaturyants, T., Debattista, V. P., Ghosh, S., Beraldo e Silva, L., & Daniel, K. J. 2022b, MNRAS, 517, L55 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  50. Khanna, S., Yu, J., Drimmel, R., et al. 2025, A&A, 701, A270 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
  51. Khoperskov, S., Di Matteo, P., Haywood, M., & Combes, F. 2018, A&A, 611, L2 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
  52. Koo, B.-C., Park, G., Kim, W.-T., et al. 2017, PASP, 129, 094102 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  53. Lam, S. K., Pitrou, A., & Seibert, S. 2015, in Proc. Second Workshop on the LLVM Compiler Infrastructure in HPC, 1 [Google Scholar]
  54. Lam, S. K., Stuartarchibald, Pitrou, A., et al. 2022, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5847553 [Google Scholar]
  55. Levine, E. S., Blitz, L., & Heiles, C. 2006, Science, 312, 1773 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  56. Lin, Z., Xu, Y., Hou, L., et al. 2022, ApJ, 931, 72 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  57. Lintott, C., Schawinski, K., Bamford, S., et al. 2011, MNRAS, 410, 166 [Google Scholar]
  58. Łokas, E. L. 2016, ApJ, 830, L20 [Google Scholar]
  59. Martos, M., Hernandez, X., Yáñez, M., Moreno, E., & Pichardo, B. 2004, MNRAS, 350, L47 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  60. Masters, K. L., Krawczyk, C., Shamsi, S., et al. 2021, MNRAS, 507, 3923 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  61. McCluskey, F., Wetzel, A., Loebman, S., & Moreno, J. 2025, arXiv e-prints [arXiv:2506.11840] [Google Scholar]
  62. Michikoshi, S., & Kokubo, E. 2016, ApJ, 821, 35 [Google Scholar]
  63. Morgan, W. W., Sharpless, S., & Osterbrock, D. 1952, AJ, 57, 3 [Google Scholar]
  64. Nair, P. B., & Abraham, R. G. 2010, ApJS, 186, 427 [Google Scholar]
  65. Nakanishi, H., & Sofue, Y. 2016, PASJ, 68, 5 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  66. Nelson, D., Pillepich, A., Springel, V., et al. 2019a, MNRAS, 490, 3234 [Google Scholar]
  67. Nelson, D., Springel, V., Pillepich, A., et al. 2019b, Computat. Astrophys. Cosmol., 6, 2 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  68. Oort, J. H., Kerr, F. J., & Westerhout, G. 1958, MNRAS, 118, 379 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  69. Palicio, P. A., Recio-Blanco, A., Poggio, E., et al. 2023, A&A, 670, L7 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
  70. Palicio, P. A., Recio-Blanco, A., Tepper-García, T., et al. 2025, A&A, 695, A193 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
  71. Pessa, I., Schinnerer, E., Sanchez-Blazquez, P., et al. 2023, A&A, 673, A147 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
  72. Pettitt, A. R., Tasker, E. J., & Wadsley, J. W. 2016, MNRAS, 458, 3990 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  73. Pettitt, A. R., Tasker, E. J., Wadsley, J. W., Keller, B. W., & Benincasa, S. M. 2017, MNRAS, 468, 4189 [Google Scholar]
  74. Pettitt, A. R., Dobbs, C. L., Baba, J., et al. 2020, MNRAS, 498, 1159 [Google Scholar]
  75. Pillepich, A., Nelson, D., Springel, V., et al. 2019, MNRAS, 490, 3196 [Google Scholar]
  76. Pillepich, A., Sotillo-Ramos, D., Ramesh, R., et al. 2024, MNRAS, 535, 1721 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  77. Poggio, E., Drimmel, R., Cantat-Gaudin, T., et al. 2021, A&A, 651, A104 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
  78. Poggio, E., Recio-Blanco, A., Palicio, P. A., et al. 2022, A&A, 666, L4 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
  79. Pontzen, A., Roškar, R., Stinson, G., & Woods, R. 2013, pynbody: N-Body/SPH analysis for python, Astrophysics Source Code Library [record ascl:1305.002] [Google Scholar]
  80. Pontzen, A., Cadiou, C., Svstopyra, et al. 2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5079937 [Google Scholar]
  81. Querejeta, M., Leroy, A. K., Meidt, S. E., et al. 2024, A&A, 687, A293 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
  82. Quinn, J. R., Loebman, S. R., Daniel, K. J., et al. 2025, arXiv e-prints [arXiv:2507.22793] [Google Scholar]
  83. Rand, R. J. 1995, AJ, 109, 2444 [Google Scholar]
  84. Reid, M. J., Menten, K. M., Brunthaler, A., et al. 2019, ApJ, 885, 131 [Google Scholar]
  85. Rix, H.-W., & Zaritsky, D. 1995, ApJ, 447, 82 [Google Scholar]
  86. Roškar, R., Debattista, V. P., Quinn, T. R., & Wadsley, J. 2012, MNRAS, 426, 2089 [Google Scholar]
  87. Sánchez, S. F., Kennicutt, R. C., Gil de Paz, A., et al. 2012, A&A, 538, A8 [Google Scholar]
  88. Sánchez-Menguiano, L., Sánchez, S. F., Pérez, I., et al. 2020, MNRAS, 492, 4149 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  89. Sanders, J. L., & Das, P. 2018, MNRAS, 481, 4093 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  90. Sarkar, P., & Bharadwaj, S. 2009, MNRAS, 394, L66 [Google Scholar]
  91. Sarkar, S., & Pandey, B. 2019, MNRAS, 485, 4743 [Google Scholar]
  92. Savchenko, S., Marchuk, A., Mosenkov, A., & Grishunin, K. 2020, MNRAS, 493, 390 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  93. Schweizer, F. 1976, ApJS, 31, 313 [Google Scholar]
  94. Seigar, M. S., & James, P. A. 2002, MNRAS, 337, 1113 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  95. Sellwood, J. A., & Athanassoula, E. 1986, MNRAS, 221, 195 [NASA ADS] [Google Scholar]
  96. Sellwood, J. A., & Carlberg, R. G. 1984, ApJ, 282, 61 [Google Scholar]
  97. Sellwood, J. A., & Masters, K. L. 2022, ARA&A, 60, 36 [Google Scholar]
  98. Sellwood, J. A., & Sparke, L. S. 1988, MNRAS, 231, 25 [Google Scholar]
  99. Shabani, F., Grebel, E. K., Pasquali, A., et al. 2018, MNRAS, 478, 3590 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  100. Silva-Villa, E., & Cano Gómez, X. 2022, MNRAS, 514, L22 [Google Scholar]
  101. Thornley, M. D. 1996, ApJ, 469, L45 [Google Scholar]
  102. Toomre, A. 1964, ApJ, 139, 1217 [Google Scholar]
  103. Uppal, N., Ganesh, S., & Schultheis, M. 2023, A&A, 673, A99 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
  104. Van Rossum, G., & Drake, F. L. 2009, Python 3 Reference Manual (Scotts Valley, CA: CreateSpace) [Google Scholar]
  105. Vasiliev, E. 2019, MNRAS, 482, 1525 [Google Scholar]
  106. Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T. E., et al. 2020, Nat. Methods, 17, 261 [Google Scholar]
  107. Viscasillas Vázquez, C., Magrini, L., Spitoni, E., et al. 2025, A&A, 698, A91 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
  108. Wada, K., Baba, J., & Saitoh, T. R. 2011, ApJ, 735, 1 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  109. Wagg, T., & Broekgaarden, F. 2024, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11292917 [Google Scholar]
  110. Wagg, T., & Broekgaarden, F. S. 2024, arXiv e-prints [arXiv:2406.04405] [Google Scholar]
  111. Willett, K. W., Lintott, C. J., Bamford, S. P., et al. 2013, MNRAS, 435, 2835 [Google Scholar]
  112. Xu, Y., Hao, C. J., Liu, D. J., et al. 2023, ApJ, 947, 54 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  113. Zari, E., Rix, H. W., Frankel, N., et al. 2021, A&A, 650, A112 [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [EDP Sciences] [Google Scholar]
  114. Zwicky, F. 1955, PASP, 67, 232 [Google Scholar]

Current usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.

Data correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days.

Initial download of the metrics may take a while.