Euclid: Early Release Observations – Interplay between dwarf galaxies and their globular clusters in the Perseus galaxy cluster^⋆

¹ Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg, UMR 7550, 67000 Strasbourg, France
² INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico d’Abruzzo, Via Maggini 64100 Teramo, Italy
³ Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
⁴ INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11 34143 Trieste, Italy
⁵ Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Vía Láctea 38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
⁶ Universidad de La Laguna, Departamento de Astrofísica, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
⁷ School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
⁸ European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 2 85748 Garching, Germany
⁹ INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5 50125 Firenze, Italy
¹⁰ Universität Innsbruck, Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Technikerstr. 25/8 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
¹¹ Departamento de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de las Ciencias 2 E-28040, Madrid, Spain
¹² UK Astronomy Technology Centre, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK
¹³ INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16 80131 Napoli, Italy
¹⁴ INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3 40129 Bologna, Italy
¹⁵ Institut universitaire de France (IUF), 1 rue Descartes 75231 Paris cedex 05, France
¹⁶ Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Bordeaux, CNRS and Université de Bordeaux, Allée Geoffroy St. Hilaire 33165 Pessac, France
¹⁷ Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1 85748 Garching, Germany
¹⁸ Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
¹⁹ Department of Physics, Université de Montréal, 2900 Edouard Montpetit Blvd, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
²⁰ Ciela Institute – Montréal Institute for Astrophysical Data Analysis and Machine Learning, Montréal, Québec, Canada
²¹ Mila – Québec Artificial Intelligence Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
²² INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2 40127 Bologna, Italy
²³ Space physics and astronomy research unit, University of Oulu, Pentti Kaiteran katu 1 FI-90014, Oulu, Finland
²⁴ Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d’astrophysique spatiale, 91405 Orsay, France
²⁵ ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
²⁶ INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28 20122 Milano, Italy
²⁷ IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, Via Beirut 2 34151 Trieste, Italy
²⁸ INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2 34127 Trieste TS, Italy
²⁹ SISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265 34136 Trieste TS, Italy
³⁰ Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales – Centre spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
³¹ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Via Gobetti 93/2 40129 Bologna, Italy
³² INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell’Osservatorio 5 35122 Padova, Italy
³³ Space Science Data Center, Italian Space Agency, Via del Politecnico snc 00133 Roma, Italy
³⁴ INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20 10025 Pino Torinese (TO), Italy
³⁵ Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France
³⁶ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33 16146 Genova, Italy
³⁷ INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33 16146 Genova, Italy
³⁸ Department of Physics “E. Pancini”, University Federico II, Via Cinthia 6 80126 Napoli, Italy
³⁹ Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas PT4150-762, Porto, Portugal
⁴⁰ Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo de Alegre 4150-007, Porto, Portugal
⁴¹ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1 10125 Torino, Italy
⁴² INFN-Sezione di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1 10125 Torino, Italy
⁴³ INAF-IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12 20133 Milano, Italy
⁴⁴ Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Avenida Complutense 40 28040 Madrid, Spain
⁴⁵ Port d’Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
⁴⁶ Institute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology (TTK), RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
⁴⁷ INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy
⁴⁸ INFN section of Naples, Via Cinthia 6 80126 Napoli, Italy
⁴⁹ Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
⁵⁰ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2 40127 Bologna, Italy
⁵¹ Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK
⁵² Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
⁵³ European Space Agency/ESRIN, Largo Galileo Galilei 1 00044 Frascati, Roma, Italy
⁵⁴ Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, Villeurbanne F-69100, France
⁵⁵ Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB), Martí i Franquès 1 08028 Barcelona, Spain
⁵⁶ Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig de Lluís Companys 23 08010 Barcelona, Spain
⁵⁷ UCB Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IUF, IP2I Lyon, 4 rue Enrico Fermi 69622 Villeurbanne, France
⁵⁸ Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
⁵⁹ Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C8, Campo Grande PT1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
⁶⁰ Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
⁶¹ Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d’Ecogia 16 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
⁶² INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8 35131 Padova, Italy
⁶³ Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France
⁶⁴ INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100 00100 Roma, Italy
⁶⁵ School of Physics, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, UK
⁶⁶ Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstrasse 1 81679 München, Germany
⁶⁷ Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029 Blindern 0315 Oslo, Norway
⁶⁸ Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
⁶⁹ Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
⁷⁰ Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK
⁷¹ Felix Hormuth Engineering, Goethestr. 17 69181 Leimen, Germany
⁷² Technical University of Denmark, Elektrovej 327 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
⁷³ Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN), Denmark
⁷⁴ NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
⁷⁵ Department of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
⁷⁶ Université de Genève, Département de Physique Théorique and Centre for Astroparticle Physics, 24 quai Ernest-Ansermet CH-1211, Genève 4, Switzerland
⁷⁷ Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
⁷⁸ Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
⁷⁹ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
⁸⁰ Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, PO Box 800 9700, AV Groningen, The Netherlands
⁸¹ Laboratoire d’etude de l’Univers et des phenomenes eXtremes, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 92190 Meudon, France
⁸² SKA Observatory, Jodrell Bank, Lower Withington, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK11 9FT, UK
⁸³ Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16 20133 Milano, Italy
⁸⁴ INFN-Sezione di Milano, Via Celoria 16 20133 Milano, Italy
⁸⁵ Universität Bonn, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Auf dem Hügel 71 53121 Bonn, Germany
⁸⁶ INFN-Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 2 – c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, Edificio G. Marconi 00185 Roma, Italy
⁸⁷ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/2 40129 Bologna, Italy
⁸⁸ Department of Physics, Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
⁸⁹ Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l’Observatoire, CS 34229 06304 Nice cedex 4, France
⁹⁰ Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, 75013 Paris, France
⁹¹ CNRS-UCB International Research Laboratory, Centre Pierre Binétruy, IRL2007, CPB-IN2P3, Berkeley, USA
⁹² Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98bis Boulevard Arago 75014 Paris, France
⁹³ Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095, CNRS, and Sorbonne Université, 98 bis boulevard Arago 75014 Paris, France
⁹⁴ Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Astrophysics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Observatoire de Sauverny, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
⁹⁵ Aurora Technology for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada 28692 Madrid, Spain
⁹⁶ Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
⁹⁷ European Space Agency/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1 2201, AZ, Noordwijk, The Netherlands
⁹⁸ DARK, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 155 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
⁹⁹ Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
¹⁰⁰ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
¹⁰¹ Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 2Y5, Canada
¹⁰² Institute of Space Science, Str. Atomistilor, nr. 409 Măgurele, Ilfov 077125, Romania
¹⁰³ Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Calle Serrano 117 28006 Madrid, Spain
¹⁰⁴ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei”, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8 35131 Padova, Italy
¹⁰⁵ Institut für Theoretische Physik, University of Heidelberg, Philosophenweg 16 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
¹⁰⁶ Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, CNES, 14 Av. Edouard Belin 31400 Toulouse, France
¹⁰⁷ Université St Joseph; Faculty of Sciences, Beirut, Lebanon
¹⁰⁸ Departamento de Física, FCFM, Universidad de Chile, Blanco Encalada 2008, Santiago, Chile
¹⁰⁹ Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Edifici RDIT, Campus UPC, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
¹¹⁰ Satlantis, University Science Park, Sede Bld 48940, Leioa-Bilbao, Spain
¹¹¹ Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n 08193 Barcelona, Spain
¹¹² Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda 1349-018, Lisboa, Portugal
¹¹³ Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN)
¹¹⁴ Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 128 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
¹¹⁵ Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Departamento de Electrónica y Tecnología de Computadoras, Plaza del Hospital 1 30202 Cartagena, Spain
¹¹⁶ Centre for Information Technology, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 11044 9700, CA, Groningen, The Netherlands
¹¹⁷ INFN-Bologna, Via Irnerio 46 40126 Bologna, Italy
¹¹⁸ Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
¹¹⁹ INAF, Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via Piero Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna, Italy
¹²⁰ ICL, Junia, Université Catholique de Lille, LITL, 59000 Lille, France

^⋆⋆ Corresponding author: Teymoor.saifollahi@astro.unistra.fr

Received: 20 March 2025
Accepted: 6 August 2025

Abstract

We present an analysis of globular clusters (GCs) of dwarf galaxies in the Perseus galaxy cluster that explores the relationship between dwarf galaxy properties and their GCs. Our focus is on GC numbers (N_GC) and GC half-number radii (R_GC) around dwarf galaxies, and their relations with host galaxy stellar masses (M_*), central surface brightnesses (μ₀), and effective radii (R_e). This work is unique due to its large sample size and the absence of pre-selection based on μ₀ and R_GC for dwarf galaxies. Interestingly, we find that at a given stellar mass, R_GC is almost independent of the host galaxy μ₀ and R_e, while R_GC/R_e depends on μ₀ and R_e. Lower surface brightness and diffuse dwarf galaxies show R_GC/R_e ≈ 1, while higher surface brightness and compact dwarf galaxies show R_GC/R_e ≈ 1.5–2. This means that for dwarf galaxies of similar stellar mass, the GCs have a similar median extent; however, their distribution is different from the field stars of their host. Additionally, low surface brightness and diffuse dwarf galaxies on average have a higher N_GC than high surface brightness and compact dwarf galaxies at any given stellar mass. We also find that ultra-diffuse galaxies (UDGs) and non-UDGs in the sample have a similar R_GC, while UDGs have a smaller R_GC/R_e (typically less than one) and a three to four times higher N_GC than non-UDGs. Furthermore, when examining nucleated versus non-nucleated dwarf galaxies, we found that for M_* > 10⁸ M_⊙, nucleated dwarf galaxies seem to have a smaller R_GC and R_GC/R_e, with no significant differences seen between their N_GC except at M_* < 10⁸ M_⊙, where the nucleated dwarf galaxies tend to have a higher N_GC. Lastly, we explored the stellar-to-halo mass ratio (SHMR) of dwarf galaxies (halo mass based on N_GC) and conclude that the Perseus cluster dwarf galaxies follow the expected SHMR at z = 0 extrapolated down to M_* = 10⁶ M_⊙.