Euclid: An emulator for baryonic effects on the matter bispectrum^★

¹ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
² Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
³ INFN-Sezione di Bologna Viale Berti Pichat 6/2 40127 Bologna, Italy
⁴ Department of Astrophysics, University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
⁵ Universität Innsbruck, Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik Technikerstr. 25/8 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
⁶ Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián Guipuzkoa, Spain
⁷ IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science 48013 Bilbao, Spain
⁸ Institute Lorentz, Leiden University Niels Bohrweg 2 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
⁹ Leiden Observatory, Leiden University Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
¹⁰ Department of Physics, Oxford University Keble Road Oxford OX13RH, UK
¹¹ Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge Madingley Road Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK
¹² Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge Madingley Road Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK
¹³ University Observatory, LMU Faculty of Physics Scheinerstrasse 1 81679 Munich, Germany
¹⁴ Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics Giessenbachstr. 1 85748 Garching, Germany
¹⁵ Universität Bonn, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie Auf dem Hügel 71 53121 Bonn, Germany
¹⁶ Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz 1156 High Street Santa Cruz CA 95064, USA
¹⁷ Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics Waterloo Ontario N2L 2Y5, Canada
¹⁸ School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Surrey Guildford Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
¹⁹ INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera Via Brera 28 20122 Milano, Italy
²⁰ IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe via Beirut 2 34151 Trieste, Italy
²¹ INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste Via G. B. Tiepolo 11 34143 Trieste, Italy
²² INFN, Sezione di Trieste Via Valerio 2 34127 Trieste TS, Italy
²³ SISSA, International School for Advanced Studies Via Bonomea 265 34136 Trieste TS, Italy
²⁴ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna Via Gobetti 93/2 40129 Bologna, Italy
²⁵ INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna Via Piero Gobetti 93/3 40129 Bologna, Italy
²⁶ INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova Via dell’Osservatorio 5 35122 Padova, Italy
²⁷ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova Via Dodecaneso 33 16146 Genova, Italy
²⁸ INFN-Sezione di Genova Via Dodecaneso 33 16146 Genova, Italy
²⁹ Department of Physics “E. Pancini”, University Federico II Via Cinthia 6 80126 Napoli, Italy
³⁰ INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte Via Moiariello 16 80131 Napoli, Italy
³¹ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino Via P. Giuria 1 10125 Torino, Italy
³² INFN-Sezione di Torino Via P. Giuria 1 10125 Torino, Italy
³³ INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino Via Osservatorio 20 10025 Pino Torinese (TO), Italy
³⁴ INAF-IASF Milano Via Alfonso Corti 12 20133 Milano, Italy
³⁵ INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma Via Frascati 33 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy
³⁶ INFN-Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 2 – c/o Dipartimento di Fisica Edificio G. Marconi 00185 Roma, Italy
³⁷ Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT) Avenida Complutense 40 28040 Madrid, Spain
³⁸ Port d’Informació Científica, Campus UAB C. Albareda s/n 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
³⁹ Institute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology (TTK), RWTH Aachen University 52056 Aachen, Germany
⁴⁰ INFN section of Naples Via Cinthia 6 80126 Napoli, Italy
⁴¹ Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii 2680 Woodlawn Drive Honolulu HI 96822, USA
⁴² Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna Viale Berti Pichat 6/2 40127 Bologna, Italy
⁴³ Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Vía Láctea 38205 La Laguna Tenerife, Spain
⁴⁴ Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory Blackford Hill Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK
⁴⁵ European Space Agency/ESRIN Largo Galileo Galilei 1 00044 Frascati Roma, Italy
⁴⁶ ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada Madrid, Spain
⁴⁷ Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822 Villeurbanne F-69100, France
⁴⁸ Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB) Martí i Franquès 1 08028 Barcelona, Spain
⁴⁹ Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) Passeig de Lluís Companys 23 08010 Barcelona, Spain
⁵⁰ UCB Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IUF, IP2I Lyon 4 rue Enrico Fermi 69622 Villeurbanne, France
⁵¹ Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C8 Campo Grande PT1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
⁵² Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
⁵³ Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva ch. d’Ecogia 16 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
⁵⁴ Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM Marseille, France
⁵⁵ Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL, UK
⁵⁶ INFN-Padova Via Marzolo 8 35131 Padova, Italy
⁵⁷ Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM Marseille, France
⁵⁸ INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100 00100 Roma, Italy
⁵⁹ INFN-Bologna Via Irnerio 46 40126 Bologna, Italy
⁶⁰ Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Edifici RDIT Campus UPC 08860 Castelldefels Barcelona, Spain
⁶¹ Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB Carrer de Can Magrans s/n 08193 Barcelona, Spain
⁶² Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Scheinerstrasse 1 81679 München, Germany
⁶³ Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo P.O. Box 1029 Blindern 0315 Oslo, Norway
⁶⁴ Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology 4800 Oak Grove Drive Pasadena CA 91109, USA
⁶⁵ Department of Physics, Lancaster University Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK
⁶⁶ Felix Hormuth Engineering Goethestr. 17 69181 Leimen, Germany
⁶⁷ Technical University of Denmark Elektrovej 327 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
⁶⁸ Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN), Denmark
⁶⁹ Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie Königstuhl 17 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
⁷⁰ NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt MD 20771, USA
⁷¹ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London Gower Street London WC1E 6BT, UK
⁷² Department of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2 University of Helsinki 00014 Helsinki, Finland
⁷³ Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
⁷⁴ Université de Genève, Département de Physique Théorique and Centre for Astroparticle Physics 24 quai Ernest-Ansermet CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
⁷⁵ Department of Physics, University of Helsinki P.O. Box 64 00014 Helsinki, Finland
⁷⁶ Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2 University of Helsinki 00014 Helsinki, Finland
⁷⁷ Laboratoire d’etude de l’Univers et des phenomenes eXtremes, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS 92190 Meudon, France
⁷⁸ SKAO, Jodrell Bank, Lower Withington Macclesfield SK11 9FT, United Kingdom
⁷⁹ Centre de Calcul de l’IN2P3/CNRS 21 avenue Pierre de Coubertin 69627 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
⁸⁰ Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli”, Università degli Studi di Milano Via Celoria 16 20133 Milano, Italy
⁸¹ INFN-Sezione di Milano Via Celoria 16 20133 Milano, Italy
⁸² Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna via Piero Gobetti 93/2 40129 Bologna, Italy
⁸³ Department of Physics, Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University South Road Durham DH1 3LE, UK
⁸⁴ Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie 75013 Paris, France
⁸⁵ CNRS-UCB International Research Laboratory, Centre Pierre Binétruy, IRL2007 CPB-IN2P3 Berkeley, USA
⁸⁶ University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Northwestern Switzerland, School of Engineering 5210 Windisch, Switzerland
⁸⁷ Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Astrophysics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Observatoire de Sauverny 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
⁸⁸ Telespazio UK S.L. for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajodel Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo Villanueva de la Cañada 28692 Madrid, Spain
⁸⁹ Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Campus UAB 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
⁹⁰ European Space Agency/ESTEC Keplerlaan 1 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands
⁹¹ DARK, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen Jagtvej 155 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
⁹² Space Science Data Center, Italian Space Agency via del Politecnico snc 00133 Roma, Italy
⁹³ Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales – Centre spatial de Toulouse 18 avenue Edouard Belin 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
⁹⁴ Institute of Space Science, Str. Atomistilor, nr. 409 Măgurele Ilfov 077125, Romania
⁹⁵ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei”, Università di Padova Via Marzolo 8 35131 Padova, Italy
⁹⁶ Institut für Theoretische Physik, University of Heidelberg Philosophenweg 16 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
⁹⁷ Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, CNES, 14 Av. Edouard Belin 31400 Toulouse, France
⁹⁸ Université St Joseph; Faculty of Sciences Beirut, Lebanon
⁹⁹ Departamento de Física, FCFM, Universidad de Chile Blanco Encalada 2008 Santiago, Chile
¹⁰⁰ Satlantis, University Science Park Sede Bld 48940 Leioa-Bilbao, Spain
¹⁰¹ Department of Physics, Royal Holloway, University of London Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
¹⁰² Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa Tapada da Ajuda 1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal
¹⁰³ Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN)
¹⁰⁴ Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen Jagtvej 128 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
¹⁰⁵ Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Departamento de Electrónica y Tecnología de Computadoras Plaza del Hospital 1 30202 Cartagena, Spain
¹⁰⁶ Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen PO Box 800 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
¹⁰⁷ Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA 91125, USA
¹⁰⁸ INAF, Istituto di Radioastronomia Via Piero Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna, Italy
¹⁰⁹ Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris 98bis Boulevard Arago 75014 Paris, France
¹¹⁰ ICL, Junia, Université Catholique de Lille, LITL 59000 Lille, France
¹¹¹ ICSC – Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data e Quantum Computing Via Magnanelli 2 Bologna, Italy

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Received: 23 June 2025
Accepted: 20 October 2025

Abstract

The Euclid mission and other next-generation large-scale structure surveys will enable high-precision measurements of the cosmic matter distribution. Understanding the impact of baryonic processes such as star formation and active galactic nuclei (AGN) feedback on matter clustering is crucial to ensure precise and unbiased cosmological inference. Most theoretical models of baryonic effects to date focus on two-point statistics, neglecting higher-order contributions. This work develops a fast and accurate emulator for baryonic effects on the matter bispectrum, a key non-Gaussian statistic in the nonlinear regime. We employ high-resolution N-body simulations from the BACCO suite and apply a combination of cutting-edge techniques such as cosmology scaling and baryonification to efficiently span a large cosmological and astrophysical parameter space. A deep neural network is trained to emulate baryonic effects on the matter bispectrum measured in simulations, capturing modifications across various scales and redshifts relevant to Euclid. We validate the emulator accuracy and robustness using an analysis of Euclid mock data, employing predictions from the state-of-the-art FLAMINGO hydrodynamical simulations. The emulator reproduces baryonic suppression in the bispectrum to better than 2% for the 68% percentile across most triangle configurations for k ∈ [0.01, 20] h Mpc⁻¹ and ensures consistency between cosmological posteriors inferred from second- and third-order weak lensing statistics. These results demonstrate that our emulator meets the high-precision requirements of the Euclid mission for at least the first data release and provides reliable forecasts of the cosmological information contained in the small-scale matter bispectrum. This underscores the potential of emulation techniques to bridge the gap between complex baryonic physics and observational data, maximising the scientific output of Euclid.