Observational probes of the neutron star equation of state with hyperons, bosonic dark matter, and quark matter

¹ Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Wrocław Plac Maksa Borna 9 50-204 Wrocław, Poland
² Incubator of Scientific Excellence, Center for Simulations of Superdense Fluids, University of Wrocław Plac Maksa Borna 9 50-204 Wrocław, Poland
³ Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Giersch Science Center D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
⁴ Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory (Yerevan Institute of Physics) Alikhanyan Brothers St 2 0036 Yerevan, Armenia
⁵ Technische Universität Darmstadt, Fachbereich Physik, Institut für Kernphysik Schlossgartenstraße 9 D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
⁶ GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Theorie Planckstraße 1 D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany

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Received: 8 July 2025
Accepted: 30 October 2025

Abstract

Context. The presence of dark matter in neutron stars is of growing interest due to its potential impact on the structure and observable properties of these objects. Among the various candidates, the hypothetical sexaquark has emerged as a promising bosonic dark matter particle, potentially forming under extreme conditions in neutron star cores.

Aims. We investigate whether a hybrid neutron star model that includes hyperons, bosonic dark matter (in the form of sexaquarks), and deconfined quark matter can satisfy all current observational constraints. We particularly focus on identifying the range of sexaquark masses consistent with mass-radius measurements and the tidal deformability limit.

Methods. We used the DD2Y-T model for the hadronic phase, which includes hyperons, and a nonlocal Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model for the deconfined quark phase. The phase transition was modeled as a smooth crossover using the replacement interpolation construction method. Sexaquark-baryon interactions were introduced via an effective mass shift representing repulsion. We incorporated the full set of current observational data, including NICER measurements of PSRs J0437–4715 and newly published J0614–3329 data, and performed a Bayesian analysis to constrain the sexaquark mass.

Results. Our results show that the presence of the sexaquark softens the equation of state, enabling the hybrid model to satisfy both the radius and tidal deformability constraints around the canonical 1.4 M_⊙ neutron stars. We find that hybrid EOSs with a sexaquark mass around 1900 MeV are in agreement with all available constraints, including those from HESS J1731–347 and PSR J0952–0607, which represent the lowest and highest mass neutron stars observed to date. The Bayesian analysis favors a sexaquark mass range of 1885–1935 MeV, supporting the potential relevance of this exotic particle in neutron star interiors.