Euclid: Early Release Observations – A combined strong and weak lensing solution for Abell 2390 beyond its virial radius^★

¹ Instituto de Física de Cantabria, Edificio Juan Jordá Avenida de los Castros 39005 Santander, Spain
² Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory Blackford Hill Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK
³ Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM Marseille, France
⁴ Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095, CNRS, and Sorbonne Université 98 bis boulevard Arago 75014 Paris, France
⁵ Universität Innsbruck, Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik Technikerstr. 25/8 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
⁶ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA 19146, USA
⁷ Department of Astronomy, University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003, USA
⁸ Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva ch. d’Ecogia 16 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
⁹ STAR Institute, University of Liège, Quartier Agora Allée du six Août 19c 4000 Liège, Belgium
¹⁰ Department of Physics, Centre for Extragalactic Astronomy, Durham University South Road Durham DH1 3LE, UK
¹¹ Department of Physics, Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University South Road Durham DH1 3LE, UK
¹² Physics Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
¹³ Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
¹⁴ Core Research for Energetic Universe, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
¹⁵ School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham University Park Nottingham NG72RD, UK
¹⁶ INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna Via Piero Gobetti 93/3 40129 Bologna, Italy
¹⁷ INFN-Sezione di Bologna Viale Berti Pichat 6/2 40127 Bologna, Italy
¹⁸ Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics Giessenbachstr. 1 85748 Garching, Germany
¹⁹ Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen PO Box 800 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
²⁰ Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg, UMR 7550 67000 Strasbourg, France
²¹ Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie Königstuhl 17 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
²² Department of Physics, Université de Montréal 2900 Edouard Montpetit Blvd Montréal Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
²³ Ciela Institute – Montréal Institute for Astrophysical Data Analysis and Machine Learning Montréal Québec, Canada
²⁴ Mila – Québec Artificial Intelligence Institute Montréal Québec, Canada
²⁵ Astrophysics Research Centre, University of KwaZulu-Natal Westville Campus Durban 4041, South Africa
²⁶ School of Mathematics, Statistics & Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal Westville Campus Durban 4041, South Africa
²⁷ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
²⁸ ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n. Urb. Villafranca del Castillo 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada Madrid, Spain
²⁹ School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Surrey Guildford Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
³⁰ INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera Via Brera 28 20122 Milano, Italy
³¹ IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe Via Beirut 2 34151 Trieste, Italy
³² INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste Via G. B. Tiepolo 11 34143 Trieste, Italy
³³ INFN, Sezione di Trieste Via Valerio 2 34127 Trieste TS, Italy
³⁴ SISSA, International School for Advanced Studies Via Bonomea 265 34136 Trieste TS, Italy
³⁵ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna Via Gobetti 93/2 40129 Bologna, Italy
³⁶ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova Via Dodecaneso 33 16146 Genova, Italy
³⁷ INFN-Sezione di Genova Via Dodecaneso 33 16146 Genova, Italy
³⁸ Department of Physics “E. Pancini”, University Federico II Via Cinthia 6 80126 Napoli, Italy
³⁹ INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte Via Moiariello 16 80131 Napoli, Italy
⁴⁰ Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP Rua das Estrelas PT4150-762 Porto, Portugal
⁴¹ Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto Rua do Campo de Alegre 4150-007 Porto, Portugal
⁴² European Southern Observatory Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 2 85748 Garching, Germany
⁴³ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino Via P. Giuria 1 10125 Torino, Italy
⁴⁴ INFN-Sezione di Torino Via P. Giuria 1 10125 Torino, Italy
⁴⁵ INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino Via Osservatorio 20 10025 Pino Torinese (TO), Italy
⁴⁶ European Space Agency/ESTEC Keplerlaan 1 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands
⁴⁷ Institute Lorentz, Leiden University Niels Bohrweg 2 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
⁴⁸ Leiden Observatory, Leiden University Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
⁴⁹ Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London Holmbury St Mary Dorking Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
⁵⁰ INAF-IASF Milano Via Alfonso Corti 12 20133 Milano, Italy
⁵¹ INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma Via Frascati 33 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy
⁵² INFN-Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 2 – c/o Dipartimento di Fisica Edificio G. Marconi 00185 Roma, Italy
⁵³ Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT) Avenida Complutense 40 28040 Madrid, Spain
⁵⁴ Port d’Informació Científica, Campus UAB C. Albareda s/n 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
⁵⁵ Institute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology (TTK), RWTH Aachen University 52056 Aachen, Germany
⁵⁶ INFN section of Naples Via Cinthia 6 80126 Napoli, Italy
⁵⁷ Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii 2680 Woodlawn Drive Honolulu HI 96822, USA
⁵⁸ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna Viale Berti Pichat 6/2 40127 Bologna, Italy
⁵⁹ Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias Vía Láctea 38205 La Laguna Tenerife, Spain
⁶⁰ Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL, UK
⁶¹ European Space Agency/ESRIN Largo Galileo Galilei 1 00044 Frascati Roma, Italy
⁶² Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822 Villeurbanne F-69100, France
⁶³ Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB) Martí i Franquès 1 08028 Barcelona, Spain
⁶⁴ Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) Passeig de Lluís Companys 23 08010 Barcelona, Spain
⁶⁵ UCB Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IUF, IP2I Lyon 4 rue Enrico Fermi 69622 Villeurbanne, France
⁶⁶ Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
⁶⁷ Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C8 Campo Grande PT1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
⁶⁸ Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa Campo Grande 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
⁶⁹ Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d’astrophysique spatiale 91405 Orsay, France
⁷⁰ INFN-Padova Via Marzolo 8 35131 Padova, Italy
⁷¹ Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM Marseille, France
⁷² INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100 00100 Roma, Italy
⁷³ Space Science Data Center, Italian Space Agency Via del Politecnico snc 00133 Roma, Italy
⁷⁴ INFN-Bologna Via Irnerio 46 40126 Bologna, Italy
⁷⁵ Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Edifici RDIT Campus UPC 08860 Castelldefels Barcelona, Spain
⁷⁶ Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans s/n 08193 Barcelona, Spain
⁷⁷ Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Scheinerstrasse 1 81679 München, Germany
⁷⁸ INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova Via dell’Osservatorio 5 35122 Padova, Italy
⁷⁹ Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli”, Università degli Studi di Milano Via Celoria 16 20133 Milano, Italy
⁸⁰ INFN-Sezione di Milano Via Celoria 16 20133 Milano, Italy
⁸¹ Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo P.O. Box 1029 Blindern 0315 Oslo, Norway
⁸² Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology 4800 Oak Grove Drive Pasadena CA 91109, USA
⁸³ Department of Physics, Lancaster University Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK
⁸⁴ Felix Hormuth Engineering Goethestr. 17 69181 Leimen, Germany
⁸⁵ Technical University of Denmark Elektrovej 327 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
⁸⁶ Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN), Denmark
⁸⁷ NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt MD 20771, USA
⁸⁸ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London Gower Street London WC1E 6BT, UK
⁸⁹ Department of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
⁹⁰ Université de Genève, Département de Physique Théorique and Centre for Astroparticle Physics 24 quai Ernest-Ansermet CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
⁹¹ Department of Physics P.O. Box 64 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
⁹² Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2 University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
⁹³ Laboratoire d’etude de l’Univers et des phenomenes eXtremes, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS 92190 Meudon, France
⁹⁴ SKA Observatory, Jodrell Bank, Lower Withington Macclesfield Cheshire SK11 9FT, UK
⁹⁵ Centre de Calcul de l’IN2P3/CNRS 21 avenue Pierre de Coubertin 69627 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
⁹⁶ Universität Bonn, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie Auf dem Hügel 71 53121 Bonn, Germany
⁹⁷ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna Via Piero Gobetti 93/2 40129 Bologna, Italy
⁹⁸ Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie 75013 Paris, France
⁹⁹ CNRS-UCB International Research Laboratory, Centre Pierre Binétruy, IRL2007 CPB-IN2P3 Berkeley, USA
¹⁰⁰ University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Northwestern Switzerland, School of Engineering 5210 Windisch, Switzerland
¹⁰¹ Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris 98bis Boulevard Arago 75014 Paris, France
¹⁰² Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Astrophysics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Observatoire de Sauverny 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
¹⁰³ University Observatory, LMU Faculty of Physics Scheinerstrasse 1 81679 Munich, Germany
¹⁰⁴ Telespazio UK S.L. for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo Villanueva de la Cañada 28692 Madrid, Spain
¹⁰⁵ Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Campus UAB 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
¹⁰⁶ DARK, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen Jagtvej 155 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
¹⁰⁷ Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
¹⁰⁸ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
¹⁰⁹ Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics Waterloo Ontario N2L 2Y5, Canada
¹¹⁰ Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales – Centre spatial de Toulouse 18 avenue Edouard Belin 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
¹¹¹ Institute of Space Science, Str. Atomistilor nr. 409 Măgurele Ilfov 077125, Romania
¹¹² Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei”, Università di Padova Via Marzolo 8 35131 Padova, Italy
¹¹³ Institut für Theoretische Physik, University of Heidelberg Philosophenweg 16 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
¹¹⁴ Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, CNES 14 Av. Edouard Belin 31400 Toulouse, France
¹¹⁵ Université St Joseph; Faculty of Sciences Beirut, Lebanon
¹¹⁶ Departamento de Física, FCFM, Universidad de Chile Blanco Encalada 2008 Santiago, Chile
¹¹⁷ Satlantis, University Science Park Sede Bld 48940 Leioa-Bilbao, Spain
¹¹⁸ Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa Tapada da Ajuda 1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal
¹¹⁹ Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN)
¹²⁰ Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen Jagtvej 128 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
¹²¹ Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Departamento de Electrónica y Tecnología de Computadoras Plaza del Hospital 1 30202 Cartagena, Spain
¹²² Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA 91125, USA
¹²³ INAF, Istituto di Radioastronomia Via Piero Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna, Italy
¹²⁴ Department of Physics, Oxford University Keble Road Oxford OX13RH, UK
¹²⁵ Aurora Technology for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo Villanueva de la Cañada 28692 Madrid, Spain
¹²⁶ ICL, Junia, Université Catholique de Lille, LITL 59000 Lille, France
¹²⁷ ICSC – Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data e Quantum Computing Via Magnanelli 2 Bologna, Italy

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Received: 11 July 2025
Accepted: 15 November 2025

Abstract

Euclid is currently mapping the distribution of matter in the Universe in detail via the weak lensing signature of billions of distant galaxies. The weak lensing signal is most prominent around galaxy clusters and can extend up to distances well beyond their virial radius, thus constraining their total mass. Near the centre of clusters, where contamination by member galaxies is an issue, the weak lensing data can be complemented with strong lensing data. Strong lensing information can also diminish the uncertainty due to the mass-sheet degeneracy and provide high-resolution information about the distribution of matter in the centre of clusters. Here we present a joint strong and weak lensing analysis of the Euclid Early Release Observations of the cluster Abell 2390 at z = 0.228. Thanks to Euclid’s wide field of view of 0.5 deg², combined with its angular resolution in the visible band of 0.​​″13 and sampling of 0.​​″1 per pixel, we constrained the density profile in a wide range of radii, 30 kpc < r< 2000 kpc, from the inner region near the brightest cluster galaxy to beyond the virial radius of the cluster. We find relatively good consistency with earlier X-ray results based on assumptions of hydrostatic equilibrium and thus indirectly confirm the nearly relaxed state of this cluster. We also find consistency with previous results based on weak lensing data and ground-based observations of this cluster. From the combined strong + weak lensing profile, we derive the values of the viral mass M₂₀₀ = (1.48 ± 0.29) × 10¹⁵ M_⊙, and virial radius r₂₀₀ = (2.05 ± 0.13 Mpc), with error bars representing one standard deviation. The profile is well described by a Navarro-Frenk-White model with a concentration c = 6.5 and a small-scale radius of 230 kpc in the 30 kpc < r< 2000 kpc range that is best constrained by strong lensing and weak lensing data. Abell 2390 is the first of many examples where Euclid data will play a crucial role in providing masses for clusters. The large coverage provided by Euclid, combined with the depth of the observations and high angular resolution, will allow us to produce similar results in hundreds of other clusters with rich strong lensing data that is already available.