Multiwavelength insights into the pulsar wind nebula candidate near 1LHAASO J0343+5254u: An obscured merging galaxy cluster?

¹ ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991 PD, Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
² INAF – Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via P. Gobetti 101 Bologna, Italy

^★ Corresponding author: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

Received: 18 December 2025
Accepted: 2 March 2026

Abstract

Context. The advent of the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO) accelerated the detection of tera- and petaelectronvolt gamma-ray sources. Some of these are associated with pulsar wind nebulae (PWNe) and other Galactic objects, while others are yet to be connected to sources at other wavelengths. Recently, the discovery of an extended X-ray source within the unidentified PeV source 1LHAASO J0343+5254u was reported; this source was claimed as a candidate PWN based on its X-ray spectrum.

Aims. We aim to revisit the interpretation of the extended X-ray source based on multiwavelength observations.

Methods. We present new LOFAR continuum radio imaging at observing frequencies of 54 and 144 MHz, an alternative X-ray modeling, and archival near-infrared (NIR) data.

Results. We discover several radio sources with morphologies and spectra suggestive of a radio halo, a radio relic, and tailed radio galaxies, all of which are typically found in (merging) galaxy clusters. Furthermore, we show that the X-ray data can be modeled as thermal emission from the intracluster medium (ICM), with our best-fitting thermal ICM model being slightly preferred to a nonthermal power-law fit. We further find a 9.7σ overdensity in red NIR sources in the surrounding region, among them possible hosts of the tailed radio sources.

Conclusions. Our results favor an interpretation of the X-ray source as a massive, merging galaxy cluster located in a highly extinct region of the Galactic plane, unrelated to 1LHAASO J0343+5254u. Future observations in the hard X-ray regime will be able to conclusively settle the discussion on the nature of the X-ray emission.