Open Access
Table 3
Foundation models used in this study.
| Model name | Backbone | Number of parameters | Pretraining dataset | EMA |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MAE (He et al. 2022) | ViT-Base 16×16 | 86M | ImageNet-1k | − |
| DINOv2 (Oquab et al. 2024) | ViT-Base 14×14 | 86M | LVD-142M (proprietary) | + |
| DINOv1 (Caron et al. 2021) | ViT-Base 16×16 | 86M | ImageNet-1k | + |
| MSN (Assran et al. 2022) | ViT-Base 16×16 | 86M | ImageNet-1k | + |
| SigLIP (Zhai et al. 2023) | ViT-Base 16×16 | 86M | WebLI (English) | − |
| AM-RADIO (Ranzinger et al. 2024) | ViT-Base 16x16 | 98.2M | various | − |
| ResNet 50 (He et al. 2016) | ResNet-50 | 25.6M | ImageNet-1k | − |
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