Characteristics of CE-5 lunar minerals after H⁺ irradiation. (a, b) Overview of the irradiation-damaged rims with two different layers in the representative samples Ol-45-H and Px-52-H, respectively. (c, d) EDS mapping results of elements iron and oxygen for panel (a), respectively. (e, f) EDS mapping results of elements iron and oxygen for panel (b), respectively. (g–n) High-angle annular dark-field (HADDF) images of samples Ol-76-H, Ol-68-H, Ol-45-H, Ol-87-R, Px-52-H, Px-30-H, Px-27-H, and Px-61-R, respectively. The dashed yellow and white lines are the boundaries of two different layers, respectively.