Top: predicted MZR for galaxies with different t_obs. The dashed lines are MZRs color-coded by t_obs. This model assumes ϵ_SF = 0.02, η₀ = 5, and an energy-driven wind β = 2/3. The diamond points are our observations, the same as in Fig. 4. Bottom: Predicted SFR−Z relation for galaxies is shown for different stellar masses and t_obs. The dashed lines, color-coded by t_obs, connect galaxies with the same observational time, while the solid black lines link galaxies of equal stellar mass. Different stellar masses are represented by different symbols. The red and blue diamond points are our observations in cluster and field environments. The asymmetric errors on SFR are due to uncertainties in dust correction.