Table 3
Retrieval priors adopted for the single-column forward model.
| Parameter | Prior |
|---|---|
| P-T profile | |
| Tbottom (K) | 𝒰(100, 8900) |
| (dlnT/dlnP)1 | 𝒩(0.25, 0.025) |
| (dlnT/dlnP)2 | 𝒩(0.15, 0.03) |
| (dlnT/dlnP)3 | 𝒩(0.18, 0.045) |
| (dlnT/dlnP)4 | 𝒩(0.21, 0.06) |
| (dlnT/dlnP)5 | 𝒩(0.16, 0.05) |
| (dlnT/dlnP)6 | 𝒩(0.08, 0.025) |
| (dlnT/dlnP)7 | 𝒩(0.07, 0.02) |
| (dlnT/dlnP)8 | 𝒰(0, 0.1) |
| (dlnT/dlnP)9 | 𝒰(0, 0.1) |
| (dlnT/dlnP)10 | 𝒰(0, 0.1) |
| … … … … … … … … … … … … …… … … … … … … … … … … … …… … … … … … … … … … … … | |
| If using a temperature excursion: | |
| Location log10(Pexc/1bar) | 𝒰(−6, 3) |
| Excursion width Δlog10(Pexc) | 𝒰(0, 5) |
| Slope factor fexc | 𝒰(−1.1, 2) |
| Composition | |
| [M/H] | 𝒰(−1, 1.5) |
| C/O | 𝒰(0.1, 1.6) |
| log10(Xi)(a) | 𝒰(−10, −1) |
| Clouds | |
![$\[s_i^{(\mathrm{b})}\]$](/articles/aa/full_html/2025/11/aa55732-25/aa55732-25-eq61.png) |
𝒰(−6, 2) |
| log10(Pi,base/1bar) | 𝒰(−6, 3) |
| Δlog10σ(c) | 𝒰(−2, 0) |
![$\[f_{\mathrm{sed}, i}^{(\mathrm{d})}\]$](/articles/aa/full_html/2025/11/aa55732-25/aa55732-25-eq62.png) |
𝒰(0, 10) |
| log10(ai/1 cm) | 𝒰(−6, 0) |
| If using evolutionary priors: | |
| R (RJup) | 𝒩(1.36, 0.09) |
| log10(g/1 cm s−2) | 𝒩(4, 0.04) |
| … … … … … … … … … … … … …… … … … … … … … … … … … …… … … … … … … … … … … … | |
| If not using evolutionary priors: | |
| R (RJup) | 𝒰(0.8, 2.5) |
| log10(g/1 cm s−2) | 𝒰(3, 6) |
| Column coverage | |
![$\[B_{\text {HST }}^{(\mathrm{e})}\]$](/articles/aa/full_html/2025/11/aa55732-25/aa55732-25-eq63.png) |
𝒰(0, 1) |
| BSpeX | 𝒰(0, 1) |
| BJWST | 𝒰(0, 1) |
| Uncertainty scaling | |
| 10b(f) for HST WFC3 | 𝒰[0.01 min(σ2), 100 max(σ2)] |
| 10b for SpeX | 𝒰[0.01 min(σ2), 100 max(σ2)] |
| 10b for NIRSpec PRISM | 𝒰[0.01 min(σ2), 100 max(σ2)] |
| 10b for NIRSpec G395H NRS 1 | 𝒰[0.01 min(σ2), 100 max(σ2)] |
| 10b for NIRSpec G395H NRS 2 | 𝒰[0.01 min(σ2), 100 max(σ2)] |
| 10b for MIRI MRS | 𝒰[0.01 min(σ2), 100 max(σ2)] |
Notes. 𝒰(x1, x2) denotes a uniform distribution from x1 to x2; 𝒩(μ, σ) denotes a normal distribution with mean μ and standard deviation σ. The power law indices dlnT/dlnP are separated by 1 dex in pressure, going from 103 for (dlnT/dlnP)1 to 10−6 bar for (dlnT/dlnP)10. (a) Xi stands for the mass fractions of 12CO, 13CO, CO2, CH4, CrH and H2O, respectively. (b) si stands for the mass fraction scaling (see text) applied for cloud species i (e.g., MgSiO3). (c) Same meaning as in Table 1. (d) Power law factor controlling the cloud scale height. (e) Weight associated with a column in a multi-column fit. For a two-column fit the other column has a weight of 1 − B. (f) Factor controlling the uncertainty scaling, where σscaled = (σ2 + 10b)1/2, following Line et al. (2015).
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