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Home All issues Volume 703 (November 2025) A&A, 703 (2025) A79 Full HTML
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Table 6

PSO J318 retrieval results.

Silicate species Teff (K)(a) R (RJup)(b) log10(L/L⊙)(c) log10(g) B(d) [M/H]gas(e)$\[[\mathrm{M} / \mathrm{H}]_{\text {gas}}^{(\mathrm{e})}\]$ (C/O)gas (f)$\[(\mathrm{C} / \mathrm{O})_{\text {gas }}^{(\mathrm{f})}\]$ 12C/13C
Two-column models with a global Fe cloud and a patchy silicate cloud, with evolutionary prior on log(g) and R (41 free parameters):
SiO, amorph., sph. 1114−1+1$\[1114_{-1}^{+1}\]$ 1.495−0.007+0.007$\[1.495_{-0.007}^{+0.007}\]$ −4.489−0.005+0.003$\[-4.489_{-0.005}^{+0.003}\]$ 4.009−0.007+0.007$\[4.009_{-0.007}^{+0.007}\]$ 0.695 ± 0.002 0.31−0.01+0.01$\[0.31_{-0.01}^{+0.01}\]$ 0.789−0.003+0.003$\[0.789_{-0.003}^{+0.003}\]$ 45−4+5$\[45_{-4}^{+5}\]$
SiO, amorph., irr. 1117−2+2$\[1117_{-2}^{+2}\]$ 1.49−0.01+0.01$\[1.49_{-0.01}^{+0.01}\]$ −4.486−0.003+0.003$\[-4.486_{-0.003}^{+0.003}\]$ 3.996−0.009+0.008$\[3.996_{-0.009}^{+0.008}\]$ 0.661 ± 0.003 0.43−0.01+0.01$\[0.43_{-0.01}^{+0.01}\]$ 0.804−0.004+0.003$\[0.804_{-0.004}^{+0.003}\]$ 36−5+5$\[36_{-5}^{+5}\]$
MgSiO3, amorph.(g), irr. 1146−1+1$\[1146_{-1}^{+1}\]$ 1.485−0.007+0.010$\[1.485_{-0.007}^{+0.010}\]$ −4.441−0.005+0.007$\[-4.441_{-0.005}^{+0.007}\]$ 3.957−0.006+0.006$\[3.957_{-0.006}^{+0.006}\]$ 0.979 ± 0.002 0.53−0.01+0.01$\[0.53_{-0.01}^{+0.01}\]$ 0.820−0.003+0.003$\[0.820_{-0.003}^{+0.003}\]$ 38−4+5$\[38_{-4}^{+5}\]$
MgSiO3, cryst., sph. 1133−1+1$\[1133_{-1}^{+1}\]$ 1.513−0.008+0.008$\[1.513_{-0.008}^{+0.008}\]$ −4.444−0.005+0.005$\[-4.444_{-0.005}^{+0.005}\]$ 3.964−0.008+0.008$\[3.964_{-0.008}^{+0.008}\]$ 0.666 ± 0.004 0.39−0.01+0.01$\[0.39_{-0.01}^{+0.01}\]$ 0.802−0.002+0.003$\[0.802_{-0.002}^{+0.003}\]$ 65−7+7$\[65_{-7}^{+7}\]$
MgSiO3, amorph.(g), sph. 1136−1+1$\[1136_{-1}^{+1}\]$ 1.466−0.006+0.006$\[1.466_{-0.006}^{+0.006}\]$ −4.468−0.003+0.004$\[-4.468_{-0.003}^{+0.004}\]$ 3.938−0.009+0.010$\[3.938_{-0.009}^{+0.010}\]$ 0.986 ± 0.003 0.60−0.01+0.01$\[0.60_{-0.01}^{+0.01}\]$ 0.837−0.003+0.002$\[0.837_{-0.003}^{+0.002}\]$ 57−9+9$\[57_{-9}^{+9}\]$
Mg0.5Si0.5O3, amorph.(g), irr. 1132−1+1$\[1132_{-1}^{+1}\]$ 1.454−0.005+0.005$\[1.454_{-0.005}^{+0.005}\]$ −4.480−0.004+0.003$\[-4.480_{-0.004}^{+0.003}\]$ 3.927−0.008+0.009$\[3.927_{-0.008}^{+0.009}\]$ 0.966 ± 0.003 0.49−0.01+0.01$\[0.49_{-0.01}^{+0.01}\]$ 0.818−0.003+0.003$\[0.818_{-0.003}^{+0.003}\]$ 35−5+4$\[35_{-5}^{+4}\]$
MgSiO3, amorph.(s), irr. 1102−2+1$\[1102_{-2}^{+1}\]$ 1.472−0.004+0.008$\[1.472_{-0.004}^{+0.008}\]$ −4.516−0.003+0.004$\[-4.516_{-0.003}^{+0.004}\]$ 3.949−0.008+0.008$\[3.949_{-0.008}^{+0.008}\]$ 0.965 ± 0.002 0.48−0.01+0.01$\[0.48_{-0.01}^{+0.01}\]$ 0.809−0.003+0.003$\[0.809_{-0.003}^{+0.003}\]$ 17−2+1$\[17_{-2}^{+1}\]$
Mg2SiO4, amorph.(s), irr. 1090−2+2$\[1090_{-2}^{+2}\]$ 1.479−0.007+0.006$\[1.479_{-0.007}^{+0.006}\]$ −4.532−0.003+0.004$\[-4.532_{-0.003}^{+0.004}\]$ 4.009−0.007+0.007$\[4.009_{-0.007}^{+0.007}\]$ 0.821 ± 0.003 0.44−0.01+0.01$\[0.44_{-0.01}^{+0.01}\]$ 0.812−0.004+0.004$\[0.812_{-0.004}^{+0.004}\]$ 21−2+3$\[21_{-2}^{+3}\]$
MgSiO3, amorph.(s), sph. 1098−2+2$\[1098_{-2}^{+2}\]$ 1.496−0.005+0.005$\[1.496_{-0.005}^{+0.005}\]$ −4.508−0.003+0.003$\[-4.508_{-0.003}^{+0.003}\]$ 3.968−0.008+0.007$\[3.968_{-0.008}^{+0.007}\]$ 0.963 ± 0.006 0.55−0.01+0.02$\[0.55_{-0.01}^{+0.02}\]$ 0.834−0.003+0.003$\[0.834_{-0.003}^{+0.003}\]$ 25−3+4$\[25_{-3}^{+4}\]$
Mg2SiO4, amorph.(s), sph. 1073−1+1$\[1073_{-1}^{+1}\]$ 1.574−0.003+0.003$\[1.574_{-0.003}^{+0.003}\]$ −4.506−0.002+0.003$\[-4.506_{-0.002}^{+0.003}\]$ 4.002−0.005+0.005$\[4.002_{-0.005}^{+0.005}\]$ 0.567 ± 0.003 0.24−0.01+0.01$\[0.24_{-0.01}^{+0.01}\]$ 0.773−0.005+0.005$\[0.773_{-0.005}^{+0.005}\]$ 18−3+3$\[18_{-3}^{+3}\]$
MgFeSiO4, amorph.(g), sph. 1102−2+2$\[1102_{-2}^{+2}\]$ 1.516−0.006+0.005$\[1.516_{-0.006}^{+0.005}\]$ −4.492−0.003+0.003$\[-4.492_{-0.003}^{+0.003}\]$ 3.95−0.01+0.01$\[3.95_{-0.01}^{+0.01}\]$ 0.844 ± 0.004 0.23−0.01+0.01$\[0.23_{-0.01}^{+0.01}\]$ 0.793−0.003+0.003$\[0.793_{-0.003}^{+0.003}\]$ 81−12+14$\[81_{-12}^{+14}\]$
Two-column models with a global Fe cloud and a patchy silicate cloud, without evolutionary prior (41 free parameters):
SiO, amorph., sph. 1106−1+1$\[1106_{-1}^{+1}\]$ 1.54−0.01+0.02$\[1.54_{-0.01}^{+0.02}\]$ −4.469−0.007+0.009$\[-4.469_{-0.007}^{+0.009}\]$ → 3(i) 0.66 ± 0.08 0.12−0.01+0.01$\[0.12_{-0.01}^{+0.01}\]$ 0.872−0.004+0.003$\[0.872_{-0.004}^{+0.003}\]$ > 50 (3σ)
Two-column models where one column is clear and the other has Fe and silicate clouds, with evolutionary prior (40 free parameters):
SiO, amorph., sph. 1126.7−0.7+0.8$\[1126.7_{-0.7}^{+0.8}\]$ 1.489−0.009+0.009$\[1.489_{-0.009}^{+0.009}\]$ −4.468−0.004+0.004$\[-4.468_{-0.004}^{+0.004}\]$ 3.98−0.01+0.01$\[3.98_{-0.01}^{+0.01}\]$ 0.960 ± 0.006 0.373−0.010+0.009$\[0.373_{-0.010}^{+0.009}\]$ 0.828−0.003+0.003$\[0.828_{-0.003}^{+0.003}\]$ 140−30+130$\[140_{-30}^{+130}\]$
Two-column models with different pressure-temperature structures, and global Fe and silicate clouds, with evolutionary prior (44 free parameters):
SiO, amorph., sph. 1130−1+1$\[1130_{-1}^{+1}\]$ 1.464−0.007+0.006$\[1.464_{-0.007}^{+0.006}\]$ −4.478−0.004+0.004$\[-4.478_{-0.004}^{+0.004}\]$ 3.93−0.01+0.01$\[3.93_{-0.01}^{+0.01}\]$ unc.(h) 0.53−0.01+0.01$\[0.53_{-0.01}^{+0.01}\]$ 0.823−0.003+0.003$\[0.823_{-0.003}^{+0.003}\]$ 43−4+5$\[43_{-4}^{+5}\]$
Single-column models with global Fe and silicate clouds, with evolutionary prior on log(g) and R (37 free parameters):
SiO, amorph., sph. 1127−2+2$\[1127_{-2}^{+2}\]$ 1.456−0.009+0.006$\[1.456_{-0.009}^{+0.006}\]$ −4.487−0.005+0.004$\[-4.487_{-0.005}^{+0.004}\]$ 3.94−0.01+0.01$\[3.94_{-0.01}^{+0.01}\]$ − 0.52−0.01+0.02$\[0.52_{-0.01}^{+0.02}\]$ 0.823−0.003+0.003$\[0.823_{-0.003}^{+0.003}\]$ 44−5+6$\[44_{-5}^{+6}\]$

Notes. (a) Defined as σTeff4=∫[BF1(ν)+(1−B)F2(ν)]dν$\[\sigma T_{\text {eff}}^{4}=\int[B F_{1}(\nu)+(1-B) F_{2}(\nu)] d \nu\]$, where σ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant, B is the coverage of atmospheric state 1, and F1 and F2 are the fluxes of atmospheric states 1 and 2 at the top of the atmosphere, respectively. (b) Defined as R2=∫[BR12(ν)F1(ν)+(1−B)R22(ν)F2(ν)]dν/(σTeff 4)$\[R^{2}=\int[B R_{1}^{2}(\nu) F_{1}(\nu)+ \left.(1-B) R_{2}^{2}(\nu) F_{2}(\nu)\right] d \nu /(\sigma T_{\text {eff }}^{4})\]$, where R1(ν) and R2(ν) are the frequency-dependent photospheric radii of PSO J318 for both atmospheric states, respectively, defined at a vertical optical depth of τ = 2/3. (c) Defined as L=4π∫[BR12(ν)F1(ν)+(1−B)R22(ν)F2(ν)]dν$\[L=4 \pi \int[B R_{1}^{2}(\nu) F_{1}(\nu)+(1-B) R_{2}^{2}(\nu) F_{2}(\nu)] d \nu\]$. (d) Simple average of the coverage of Column 1. Calculated by taking the mean value of the coverages obtained from the HST, SpEX and JWST data sets. (e) Calculated by summing all metal-element-over-hydrogen ratios obtained from the gas phase absorbers in PSO J318 and dividing this value by the corresponding solar value, taking log 10 of this value, and then the median across the atmosphere. We note that elements that occur in the sun but are not constrained in PSO J318 have been neglected. (f) Obtained from the median of all vertical C/O values in the atmosphere, neglecting the O sequestered into silicates. (g) Glassy material. (h) Unconstrained, that is, posteriors on B for the three observatories/epochs spanned ranges from 0 to 1, with uncertainties from 0.1–0.2. (i) Converging towards a value of log(g) = 3, which is the lower prior boundary. (s) Sol–gel material.

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