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Fig. 7.

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SFRD in the central 1 Mpc (SFRDcen) and from the source model of the full field (SFRDint) for quasar pairs, ELANe (Nowotka et al. 2022; Arrigoni Battaia et al. 2023), and single quasars (Arrigoni Battaia et al. 2023), compared to values reported for known protoclusters (Clements et al. 2014; Dannerbauer et al. 2014; Kato et al. 2016) and simulation predictions from FOREVER22 (PCR0; Yajima et al. 2022) and Magneticum Box2b (the most massive halo; Remus et al. 2023), both integrated within the central 1 Mpc (SFRDcen) and 3 Mpc (SFRDint). The solid black line shows the mean cosmic SFRD (Madau & Dickinson 2014); the solid gray lines are the mean cosmic SFRD scaled up by a factor of 100, 1000, and 10 000, respectively; the beige line shows the SFRD for blank field SMGs (Dudzevičiūtė et al. 2020); the dash-dotted line shows the simulation prediction for SFRD within protoclusters by Rennehan (2024); and the dotted line is the SFRD in the Magneticum mean field (Dolag et al. 2025).

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