Fig. 7.
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Left: space density of LRDs at Lbol, mean = 5.4 × 1045 erg s−1 and zmean ∼ 2.5 from our work (purple pentagon) compared with the bolometric luminosity function derived at similar redshifts for the entire AGN population (steel blue; Shen et al. 2020) and for blue, UV-selected, unobscured AGNs (pale turquoise; Kulkarni et al. 2019). The shaded areas correspond to the 16th and 84th percentiles of the bolometric LFs. At cosmic noon, the measured abundance of LRDs appears to be a factor 2 − 3 lower than that of unobscured AGNs. We also compare our estimate with the bolometric luminosity function of LRDs at 4.5 < z < 6.5 from Kokorev et al. (2024) (in red). Right: space density of LRDs at zmean ∼ 2.5 and MBH ∼ 6.3 × 108 M⊙ (purple) compared with the predicted active BHMF from broad line quasars at similar redshift (dark cyan; Shen & Kelly 2012) and the active BHMF of LRDs at higher redshifts (red symbols, Matthee et al. 2024; Taylor et al. 2025). The shaded area corresponds to the 16th and 84th percentiles of the model active BHMF value.
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