Fig. 7
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Sputtering rate of water ice as a function of the ionization rate taken from Dartois et al. (2023). The equivalency between the visual extinction, Av, and the ionization rate is displayed in the upper abscissa (Neufeld & Wolfire 2017). The arrow represents the lower limit above which ice is expected to be present (Av,ice ≈ 1.5).
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