Fig. 2.
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Schematic diagram of the asymmetric effect of ion response timescale. The vertical dashed line is the boundary between the low ionized state and the high ionized state. In a sufficiently low ionization state, i.e., ni + 1/ni ≪ αi − 1/αi or Ii ≪ neαi − 1, the response timescale is ti* = 1/(fneαi − 1). In a sufficiently high ionization state, in contrast, i.e., ni + 1/ni ≫ αi − 1/αi or Ii ≫ neαi − 1, the response timescale is
. In highly ionized state, the response timescale is shorter than that of low ionized state, leading to the detection of more negative responses.
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